For White Males only!!!

[djoser-xyyman]

It is a good idea to re-read papers after several years. As our understanding grows re-reading sheds light on certain things we may have missed the first time around. This is an example. I also have a better appreciation for Supplemental now. There is so much information one can gleaned from Supplementals. I recently found out about R-V88 in certain peoples from the Levant ie Bedouins Tribesmen, This paper not only further confirms the presence of this Central African marker in the Levant. But also this Central African marker presence in Sardinia, Corsica, Persia and Iberia. Always updating our knowledge is so important.

So let us study the White European Male

FROM: A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe -

Peter A Underhill, Toomas Kivisild1, Natalie M Myres1,

Regardless of possibly a minor autosomal contribution, as yet, there is no Y-chromosome evidence of hybridization between Neanderthals and modern human beings.2,3

the majority of lineages observed in contemporary European populations fall into the following main haplogroups: E, G, I, J, N and R. ALSO FOUND IN AFRICA

R1a-M420 varieties are most frequent in the East and the R1b-M343 sub-clade is more common in the West.

A further sub-clade of R1b, defined by the mutation M269, is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup throughout Western Europe.15,16 Notably, it also occurs at informative45% frequencies in Northeast Italy and the Balkans,17 Turkey,7 Iran,8 the Caucasus (this study), Iraq and Lebanon,18 Pakistan10 and Algeria.1. R1b IN ALGERIA IS WORTH INVESTIGATIING.

Interestingly, attempts to date the Y-STR-based diversity of R1b-M269 chromosomes in populations from Europe and Turkey have yielded Holocene expansion times in BOTH regions.7,22,23 These findings have led to the reappraisal that R1b-M269 in Europe is young and likely associated with a Neolithic demic expansion from the Near East through Anatolia.22,23

more precise understanding of the affinities among haplogroup R1b-M269 members has been concealed by a lack of phylogeographic knowledge concerning sub-haplogroup differentiation within the seemingly homogeneous R1b-M269 landscape. THIS IS THE AIM OF THE STUDY. DISSECTING R-M269.

A total of 2193 samples within the R-M343 component were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following SNP markers: M412, M415, M478, M520, M529, L11, L23 and S116 (Supplementary Table S1). In addition, markers M42013 and V8828 were genotyped according


Although the frequency of R1 lineages is currently the highest in Europe, the phylogeographic argument for their origin outside Europe, likely somewhere in West Asia, arises from the geographic distribution of the primary splits in the R1 phylogeny: at least three basic R-M207-derived haplogroups – R1a-M420*, R1b-M343* and R2 – occur mostly outside Europe.

With the exception of rare incidences of R1b-V88 in Corsica, Sardinia13 and Southern France (Supplementary Table S4), there is nearly mutually exclusive patterning of V88 across trans-Saharan Africa vs the prominence of P297- related varieties widespread across the Caucasus, Circum-Uralic regions, Anatolia and Europe. The detection of V88 in Iran, Palestine and especially the Dead Sea, Jordan (Supplementary Table S4).

Besides the obvious differences in the geographic spreads of the M73, M269 and V88 branches that stem out of the R1b-M343 node as noted above, there are apparent geographic patterns ALSO in the downstream branches

Major R1b Founder Effect in West Europe R1b-M412 appears to be the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe (70%), while being virtually absent in the Near East, the Caucasus and West Asia (Figure 1f). Recent founder effects could explain why the M412-L11 assemblage of chromosomes is abundant and restricted to Western parts of Europe (Figure 1f and g).

Our estimate of 8870±1708 years BP, based on 757 M412 chromosomes, suggests that theM412 lineage evolved in Europe soon after the arrival of a L23* ancestor.

Our highresolution SNP genotype results show that the majority of Central and Western European haplogroups relate to common M412 founders whose sub-clades display phylogeographic and temporal patterns consistent with allele surfing at the periphery of expansions.4

Thus, invoking the pronounced transformation of the pre-Neolithic European gene pool by intrusive pioneer farmers from the Near East must be viewed cautiously especially when such an argument is based on just a single incompletely resolved haplogroup.

[djoser-xyyman]

Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages -

Fulvio Cruciani

These marked the beginning of a shift towards PERMANENT?? aridity, with variations in the distribution and timing of these changes between

There have only been a few HIGH-RESOLUTION ANALYSES to date regarding the distribution of Y-specific haplogroups IN THE AFRICAN CONTINENT. The emerging picture indicates a clear differentiation between central/western sub-Saharan and northern African populations. Haplogroup E-DYS271, which accounts for 70% of the Y chromosomes in most of the populations south of the Sahara, is found on an average at a frequency of 2–3% in Northern Africa, whereas haplogroups J-M304, E-M81, and E-M78, which on the whole account for 50–90% of the northern African male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) gene pool, have been only rarely observed in west/central sub-Saharan Africa.12

Subsequent studies dealing with the MSY diversity in Africa have confirmed the presence of R-P25*(xM269) in northern Cameroon at high frequencies23 and, at lower frequencies (mean 5%, range 0–20%), of R-P25* immediately south of Cameroon, in several populations from Gabon.25 Interestingly, chromosomes of haplogroup R-P25/R-M173, ancestral for M269 as well as for other ‘EURASIAN’ DOWNSTREAM MARKERS, have been found to be present in northern Africa (1% in Algeria, 4% in Tunisia, and 2–4% in Egypt).20,23,26 The presence of R-P25 Y chromosomes has also been reported in population groups from the Sudan;27 however, as no internal markers were typed, the sub-haplogroup affiliation of these chromosomes remains undefined. To shed some light on the past demographic processes that determined the present distribution of R-P25* in Africa, we searched for new MSY mutations refining the phylogeny of haplogroup R1b, and surveyed a wide range of African populations (4180 males from 69 populations) for the presence of the R1b haplogroup. More than 3500 subjects from Europe and Asia were also analyzed for the same haplogroup to obtain a better insight into the Asia-to-Africa back migration associated with this haplogroup.


Four R1b subjects (two Africans R-P25* and two Europeans of haplogroup R-M269 and R-P25*)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We resequenced about 0.15Mb of the MSY for each of the four R1b subjects and found six new mutations (V7, V8, V35, V45, V69, and V88). The V45 mutation is phylogenetically EQUIVALENT to M173. Among the other five mutations, V88 defines a new monophyletic clade (R-V88 or R1b1a), which includes haplogroups R-M18 (R1b1a1, formerly R1b1a), R-V88 (R1b1a2), R-V35 (R1b1a3, further subdivided by the V7 mutation to R1b1a3* and R1b1a3a), and R-V69 (R1b1a4) (Figure 1).

In total, 997 chromosomes belonging to the haplogroup R1b were found. The paragroup R-M343*, earlier reported in a single subject from Turkey,28 was not observed. The overall scenario was characterized by a STRONG INTER-CONTINENTAL DIFFERENTIATION (Table 1). All the African R1b chromosomes, with the exception of one eastern- and A FEW northern-African R-M269 chromosomes, turned out to belong to the haplogroup R-V88. About one third of the African R-V88 chromosomes carried mutation V69, which was not observed outside Africa.

in the revised Y chromosome phylogeny, there are 119 lineages in the macro-haplogroup K-M9 (which includes haplogroups K1-K4 and L to T).31 Of these lineages, only two have been observed in sub-Saharan Africa AT APPRECIABLE FREQUENCIES: T-M7018,41,42 and R-V88 (this study). Both haplogroups have also been observed in Europe and western Asia (Refs 42,43 and this study). If the presence of R1b chromosomes in Africa was not because of a back migration, we would have to assume that all the mutations that connect M9 with V88 in the MSY phylogeny (45 mutations) originated in Africa. Under this scenario, we should assume that all the K-M9 lineages that are now found outside sub-Saharan Africa have survived extinction, whereas those which should have accumulated in Africa are now extinct (with the exception of T-M70 and R-V88) and this is an unlikely scenario.

Outside central Africa, haplogroup R-V88 was only observed in Afroasiatic-speaking populations from northern Africa, with frequencies ranging from 0.3% in Morocco, to 3.0% in Algeria, and to 11.5% in Egypt, where a particularly high frequency (26.9%) was observed among the Berbers from the Siwa Oasis. Although the presence of the haplogroup R-V88 at non-negligible frequencies in some Niger- Congo-speaking populations from the central Sahel can be accounted

[djoser-xyyman]

Direction of Migration. It is highly improbably the reverse occured. that is, migration from four areas INWARDS to Central africa

[djoser-xyyman]

Notice Sardinia has the greates variability of R-M269

[djoser-xyyman]

Credit Mike of ES.

[djoser-xyyman]

Some may think as an Africanist why am I obsessed with Sardinia. But I am first a Humanist. What part does Sardinia play in all of this. To me they are THE major player. And I am not the only one who thinks that….read on.

Notice the unique Sardinian R-M18 is on the Cameroonian R-V88 branch of R1b. Also true European R-M269 is only at about 17%.
And for the geographically challenged…a picture.

Note also R1a, R1b and R2 - the 3 older branches of the MAJOR clades are ALL represented in Sardinia . The hg-I clade- which is a dead end of the tree is worth investigating.

===

Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian – Contu et al(2008)

How old is this population? What is the explanation for the numerous founder effects observed for the genetic systems so far studied?


An advanced civilisation developed in the Bronze Age, characterized by the building of fortified towers, called Nuraghe, throughout the island. For instance, in 1627 AD a fiscal survey estimated the population to be 297,000.

To obtain a more accurate portrait of genetic structure and descent, we determined the Y-chromosome haplotype structure of a large number of Sardinian males using a panel of informative neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeats (STRs), also known as microsatellites, located in the male specific part of this chromosome. These markers are particularly well suited for these comparative analyses because they were not explicitly affected by evolutionary forces related to the immune response against pathogens. The non-recombining nature of this chromosome region as well as the availability of a reliable molecular clock, through the established mutation rate of STRs, allows a chronological reconstruction of haplotype genealogy, when these different types of markers are analysed jointly [14–17]. The aim of the study was thus to establish the intra-regional distribution of these Ychromosome molecular markers and to infer past peopling and demographic events in Sardinia, evaluating the impact of these factors in association study design for multifactorial diseases.

In this enlarged data set of 930 males, we detected 19 haplogroup lineages (Table 3). Haplogroups defined by the M130 and M68 SNPs were tested for, but not detected. We then compared the haplogroup frequencies observed in these 930 Sardinian males with those reported in other Euro-Mediterranean populations. Distribution of the Y-chromosome haplogroups detected in the Sardinians set them apart from the rest of the European groups [14,16,19,20]. The main discriminator of Sardinians from the other populations comes from the I-M26 haplogroup. This variant shows an overall frequency of 0.37 in Sardinia but is absent in most other populations, including the neighbouring island of Corsica [19]. It has been detected, though at much lower frequencies, only in the Basques [14,16,19,20] and in a few other western European populations [21–23]. In addition, the rare M18 SNP appears to be unique to Sardinia. Furthermore, some haplogroups present and relatively frequent on the island, such as G-M201 and E-M78, have only been detected in eastern countries while another haplogroup common in Sardinia, R-269, is more common in western populations [14]

We next used BATWING analysis to establish the individual TMRCA for the most representative haplogroup lineages (I-M26, R-M269, G-M201, E-M78), collectively accounting for 71% of the Sardinian Y-chromosome haplogroups, analysed together with the 6 STR markers. The TMRCA values for these haplogroups are included in a span of 19.5–22.8 KYA (Table 4). We also assessed the TMRCA for the rare Sardinia-specific R-M18 haplogroup, and obtained a value of 8.1 (7.8–10.5) KYA. We also used BATWING to analyse the data from the 376 Sardinian newborns to evaluate when this island population began to expand, and obtained a value of 14.0 (7.8–22.0) KYA. To assess this data in the context of that observed in other European populations, we used matched published data [16,20,24] and computed the time of initial expansion of other populations of interest

The homogenous distribution of variants in different macro areas of the island is consistent with a common ancient origin and cultural background. For example, Nuraghe, the characteristic Sardinian prehistoric towers and castles, are widely and evenly distributed across the island and are substantially confined to Sardinia thus supporting their local creation.

Y-chromosome haplogroups detected in Sardinia show rather even TMRCAs ranging from 19.5 to 22.8 KYA, which appear independent from their genealogy and thus indicative of earlier pre-Neolithic founder effects. In particular, the I-M26 haplogroup, showing a TMRCA of 21.0 (16.0–25.5) KYA, is especially informative because it is present in 37%of Sardinian males but is absent or very rare in all other human groups. Furthermore, I-M26 represents a terminal branch of the Y-chromosome tree and is thus a relatively recent haplogroup. Overall, it is therefore conceivable that little intra-haplogroup variability entered for I-M26 at the foundation of the Sardinian population and its TMRCA value is, in fact, roughly related to the INITIAL occupation of the island. BATWING analysis also reveals that the Sardinian male population began to expand about 14 KYA, with an initial effective population size on the order of 1,000 individuals. The signal of expansion detected by BATWING probably does not predate the arrival of the Sardinian founders on the island,

because we observed that other European sample sets provide more recent times of initial expansion

These genetic estimates are in agreement with archaeological evidence suggesting that Sardinia was already populated 18–10 KYA [25,26]. Furthermore, the genetic data are also consistent with geological data pointing to a land connection between Sardinia and the Italian peninsula (through Corsica) during the last glacial period, which might have allowed the passage of people for several thousand years until about 10 KYA. Evidence of an early pre-Neolithic population has also been derived from other genetic markers, including mitochondrial haplogroups V and H3 [27,28]. Sardinia may have attracted Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, with its temperate climate; Megaceros cazioti deer and endemic species with a high reproductive rate; and other food sources such as fruits from the forests that covered the island.

The absence of the I-M26 lineage on the nearby island of Corsica [19] is somewhat surprising because Corsica should have been accessible to ancestral Sardinian settlers via a land bridge.

Furthermore, these features, together with the fact that the population is ancient, account for highly informative haplotype splits observed in autosomal gene regions across the genome [34– 36]. This is especially useful during the post-detection fine mapping phase to highlight primarily associated variants in diseases common in this population when it is essential to exclude secondary hitchhiking effects.

We assessed the samples for the SNPs M9, M13, M17, M18, M26, M35, M67, M68, M78, M89, M92, M102, M123, M130, M170, M172, M173, M201 M267 and M269. An Alu insertion (YAP) was used for M1, for a total of 21 Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms, all located in the male-specific portion of the Ychromosome [14,15,18,39].

[zarahan]

OK, but summarize this..
What are the implications of the above for the average white guy?

[djoser-xyyman]

[azrur]

is this that one crazy black supremacist lady talking about how valentines day is symbolically white people pretending to have black nuts or something i think your points would go better if you didnt use phony dna stuff that has been debunked by the bible 

[djoser-xyyman]

Dec2013. It is perplxing on where the White male originated.

Author information Unitat Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.


Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study is to analyze mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome lineages in a range of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of the Iberian Peninsula in search of genetic differences between both façades and to uncover the most probable geographic origin and coalescence ages of lineages.

METHODS:
The control region of mitochondrial DNA and haplogroup diagnostic positions were analyzed in 575 subjects and Y-chromosome markers were typed in 260 unrelated males. Moreover, previously published data were compiled and used in the analyses.

RESULTS:
The level of genetic structure deduced from uniparental markers for the Iberian Peninsula was weak, with stronger Atlantic versus Mediterranean than North to South differentiation and larger diversities in the South. In general, mitochondrial DNA haplogroups had mainly Paleolithic and Mesolithic coalescences in Europe, although some of them, ruling out drift effects, seem to have younger implantation in Central Europe and the Atlantic areas than in the Mediterranean (I, J, J2a, T1, and W) while others as N1 and X could have reached the Iberian Peninsula at the Neolithic transition. On the other hand, younger coalescence ages are being proposed for the arriving or spread of the bulk of Y-chromosome lineages in Europe.

CONCLUSIONS:
The major haplotypic affinities found for all the Iberian Peninsula regions were ALWAYS with North Africa and the Atlantic Islands. These results draw an Atlantic network that clearly resembles those of the Megalithic Copper and Bronze cultures at this part of Europe. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

Here is something I came across on Black Iranians. What is really suprising is that 16% of the Black Iranians carry European M-269 - L23. And another 16% carry the sibling clade. That blew me away. This is the first time I have seen this.

[djoser-xyyman]

I have to thank Lioness of ES for this lead..

[djoser-xyyman]

Am I on top my game or what? Mike Hammer and I are on the same page…or he is peeking at my work on ESR? He! He! He!

This is what I posted on ESR about July 2013




This is what he has a presentation on.




See the similarities. He is trending R-M269 sub-clades to Northern Europe. I did the same thing. He left out Sardinia. (oH! you do realize he is messing with Torroni and Achilli with their Refugia nonsense?)

[djoser-xyyman]

He made it clear that R-M269 seem to enter Europe AFTER the Neolithic revolution. Now for those who are keeping score and follow what is going on in the world of aDNA, understand the significance. Right?! Don’t get it as yet?

mtDNA H entered Europe about 5000BC!!!!!! The women entered Europe FIRST. The men entered Europe about 4000 years LATER!!!. Now…the dots are NOT connecting.
Now let’s see. How does that play out? What are the scenarios. The white women hunter gathers left their white men behind wherever and decided to migrate to Europe replacing the mtDNA hg-U. That does not bode well for your pure white race. Tell me how that played out? Where the white men migrate from. Anyone?

This will be resolved within 2 years. I may have to patent my hypothesis. Ho! Ho!
YDNA hg-G2 and sub-clades and mtDNA hg-U and subclades dominated Europe for 10-30,000years!! The mtDNA hg-H appeared at the mid-Neolithic followed by R-M269 and subclades beginning of the bronze age.

Were the white men pimping out the white women? LOL! But seriously hg-H and R-M269 are NOT mates…in the DNA sense.