I told you so – Africans in Arabia

[djoser-xyyman]

This paper has been out awhile now. 2007. The geographic pattern seems to be strong South Saharan African genetic migration to the south in Arabia. This is manifested by the mtDNA L lineage. While the East African and North Saharan Africans lineage predominates in the Northern regions in Arabia including the Levant. As seen by the distribution of mtDNA M and N and sub-clade preHV1. This corroborates Lazaridis et al and DNATribes data packet. I am beginning the question the land mass and/or timing that existed during the Ice Age and Paleolithic times. It seems like Arabia and Africa were ONE continuous land mass.







Eurasian and African mitochondrial DNA influences in the Saudi Arabian population- Khaled K Abu-Amero 2007


Background
This study represents mtDNA data regarding the population of Saudi Arabia. The southwestern 'Asir region has mountains as high as 3,000 metres (9,840 ft) and is known for having the most hospitable climate in the country. The east is primarily rocky


A study of 115 Yemeni mtDNAs showed that Eurasian-specific and African-specific lineages existed in almost equal proportion in that southern Arabian Peninsula sample [19].

[djoser-xyyman]

Sub-Saharan African macrohaplogroup L lineages

Five of the eight Saudi Arabian L lineages belonged to different L3 sub-clusters. Although L3d is a widespread African clade, the single Saudi representative (Individual 49; [see Additional file 1]) had exact duplicates only in Yemen and Ethiopia [19]. L3f was the most frequent L3 cluster in Yemen and Ethiopia, and the sole Saudi L3f sequence (457) matched an Ethiopian sequence [19].


The other L’s - One of the sequences (433) belonged to the western L2c clade and had matches in West Africa Guineans [21] and in Mozambique [23]. The last two L2 Saudi sequences (225, 452) fell into the widespread L2a cluster [24] and had matches in East Africa and Yemen.


but the most characteristic Yemeni L6 clade [19] was not present in the Saudi sample!!!!!! significance?



Macrohaplogroup M
Five of the eight M Saudi Arab lineages clustered into the M1 African haplogroup [26]

The other three M sequences belonged to Indian clades. One had the BASIC motif (16126, 16223) of the M3 haplogroup [28]. A second had the 15928 and 16304 transitions that DEFINED haplogroup M25 [29], although this sequence [see Additional file 1]



Did NOT match any of the definite or putative M25 sequences found in India [29-31] or Pakistan [26]. The last M sequence (16111A, 16223) has been found with the central motif in Bhoksa from Uttar Pradesh [32] and with the central motif and the 16129 transition in two derivatives in Yerava from South India [33]. Because these lineages were pooled as undetermined M*, we completely sequenced our sample (Ar201) and compared it to 91 complete Indian M sequences [34-36] to know its phylogenetic position. Our Ar201 sequence shared only transition 3010 with the BASAL mutations that defined haplogroup M34 [35] so that the most parsimonious tree clustered it with this haplogroup (Figure 1). However, we think that Ar201 may be representative of a new Indian branch of macrohaplogroup M because 3010 is a highly recurrent mutation that has independently appeared in the tips (M40) and sub-cluster roots (D4) of other M haplogroups. The M contributions to the Saudi Arab gene pool represented gene flow from East and North Africa (4%) and India (3%) but not from Central Asia.
maybe India


Macrohaplogroup N

All the main western Eurasian branches of N (R, N1a, N1b, N1c, I, W, X) were present in Saudi Arabia, with the least common ones (N1a, N1b, N1c, I, W, X) having an infrequent presence in Saudi Arabs (Table 1). N1a was the only one of these haplogroups that seemed to have a consistent presence across the Arabian Peninsula because it was also moderately frequent (6.9%) and diverse (h = 0.89) in Yemeni [19]. N1a frequency dropped to 4% in Saudi Arabs, where it harboured ONLY TWO different haplotypes. The most abundant one, with the 16147A-16172- 16218-16223-16248-16261-16274-16355 HVSI motif and the 41-73-199-204 HVSII motif, had not been observed in the Near East or in East Africa, and the second (16147G-16172-16223-16248-16355) was only shared with Ethiopians.

H frequencies significantly diminished with latitude from Turkey to Yemen through the Levant (r = 0.953; two-tail p < 0.01). The most prevalent haplogroup in Europe (U5) was represented in Saudi Arabs by only one U5a1a derived lineage [see Additional file 1]. Likewise, the North-African U6 haplogroup [15] is represented by only one lineage (1%). Several minority European U sub-clades (U1, U2e, U3, U4, and U7) may have


except for U4, U7, which were also absent from Bedouin of the Negev desert, and Yemeni samples (Table 1). The RARE haplogroup U9 was present in our sample with a frequency of 3% (Table 1). This haplogroup was first defined by RFLP-6383 HaeIII and observed only in South Pakistan [26]. It was later proven to be a sister branch of haplogroup U4 [37] on the basis of two complete U9 sequences (one Ethiopian and one Pakistani), both of which shared the 499–5999 motif. In addition to 6386, transitions at 3531, 3834, and 14094 defined the basal motif of U9. The Ethiopian sequence was considered representative of sub-cluster U9a and the Pakistani sequence as representative of sub-cluster U9b. The three Saudi U9 sequences belonged to U9a because all of them shared the HVSI 16051–16278 motif with the Ethiopian sequence while none of them shared any HVSI or HVSII mutations with the U9b Pakistani sequence ([see Additional file 1]; [37]).

.




Haplogroup (preHV)1 was even more frequent than J1b in Saudi Arabs (18%). The frequency of this sequence in Saudi Arabs was not significantly different from that observed in Yemeni Jews (20.4%) and Bedouins of the Negev desert (14%), but it dropped to

[djoser-xyyman]

Phylogeography of haplogroup (preHV)1

Figure 3 shows the reduced median network obtained from 255 (preHV)1 haplotypes found in a GLOBAL SEARCH comprising nearly 40,000 HVSI sequences. The basic central motif (16126–16362) was the most abundant and widespread, being present in all of northern Africa and in Eurasia from India to the Iberian Peninsula. However, Saudi Arabs were represented by only a single haplotype. The next most abundant clade, defined by 16355 and encompassing the majority of (preHV)1a1 sequences (Figure 2), was oVERWHELMINGLY composed of Near East and North African haplotypes with some European outsiders. Saudi Arabs again occupied more PERIPHERAL than central positions. The third most abundant clade was characterized by the 16304 transition and probably constituted a sub-cluster of the (preHV)1b branch represented in the genomic tree by the Ar439 sequence (Figure 2). The Arabian Peninsula was the major contributor to this clade. In addition, several minority clusters provided valuable information. For instance, the one defined by 16309 was formed exclusively by East African sequences.




from Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia in this case. Ethiopia seemed to have been a secondary center of (preHV)1 expansions to the Near East, Arabian Peninsula, and northwest Africa, as could be deduced from branches defined by 16114 and the motif 16168–16266. Given the peripheral position of Saudi haplotypes, Saudi Arabia seemed to have acted more as receiver than a focus of (preHV)1 expansions with the exception of the 16304 clade. Radiation ages for the whole (preHV)1 haplogroup based on HVSI sequences were 18,993 ± 6,999 years; 9,624 ± 2,994 years for the 16355 ((preHV)1a1) subclade, and more recent for the 16304 subclade.


The Druze sample was a clear outlier in a graphic representation based on FST distances (Figure 4a), separating from the remaining populations along the first dimension. Founder effects or sample bias were the most likely causes of this deviation, as only two X1 and X2 haplotypes [43] accounted for the X percentage. In addition, Druze had the lowest diversity indices of all studied populations (Table 1). The second dimension of this haplotype analysis included the Arabian samples with those of east Africa, while Egyptians were aligned in the cluster of Near East populations.

[djoser-xyyman]

Discussion

MtDNA genetic analysis of this Saudi Arabian group revealed almost EXCLUSIVELY contributions from Africa and the Near East. All Saudi L, M and N lineages were derived from clades with roots in Africa and west and south Asia. The L4, L5, and L6 haplogroups recently found in Ethiopia and/or Yemen [19] were not detected in the Saudi population. Half of the sub-Saharan African Saudi lineages had exact matches in Ethiopians and/or Yemeni, pointing to these areas as the most likely source. The other half belonged to haplogroups with an East Africa origin or that reached the Red Sea in their eastern radiation [19,24].




The MAJORITY of M1 lineages in Saudi Arabia belonged to the eastern Africa M1a sub-clade that is particularly frequent and DIVERSE in Ethiopia [19,44]. Ethiopia was again the most likely source. However, the sole M1b1 Saudi sequence probably reached the Arabian Peninsula from northwest Africa through the Levantine corridor because this sequence has been reported repeatedly in west Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Jordan [27],


The close affinity found among Arabian Peninsula populations was due mainly to sharing Eurasian haplotypes and to similar Eurasian haplogroup FREQUENCIES and not to the sub-Saharan African contribution that is PROMINENT IN THE YEMENI POPULATION.


It has been suggested that the rare U9 clade might be another interesting exception because it has been detected only in Pakistan [26], Ethiopia, and Yemen [19], and now in our Saudi sample. U9 occurs frequently only among the Makrani population in Pakistan, which is characterized by a large component of sub-Saharan African lineages, suggesting that U9 lineages in Pakistan might also have an African origin [19]. Makrani sub-Saharan Africa lineages have exact matches in Africa,

the entire sequenced Ethiopian and Pakistani U9 lineages [37] are separated by a mean of 4.5 coding mutations from the common root, placing the split at Paleolithic times




Arabian Peninsula populations most likely did not actively participate in this Paleolithic expansion. The subsequent radiation of the (preHV)1a1 clade occurred around 10,000 years ago, a date that marks the transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Near East. The ancestral core of this cluster was defined mainly by Near Eastern lineages with important Arabian and Ethiopian participation.

[isa]

I have a quick question;are uniparentals still sufficient these days?

[djoser-xyyman]

Great question. See below. Genome Wide(SNP/AIM) Studies inform on "sharing" of genetic material. eg undoubtedly Ethiopians and Yemeni "share" SNP. But to determine the DIRECTION of migration other tools are needed. In other words to find out if Yemeni migrated to East Africa or East Africans migrated to Yemen GWS/SNP is not sufficient. That is where sequence testing is needed ie uniparental markers, haplotype comparison, and Treemix etc. The word "admixture" is misleading because it implies two different population "mixing" it does account for drift or purification. DNAtribes have started using the term "shared" ancestry instead of "admixture". Other authors have started using it also.




from the Henn thread in this forum. Quote.

(Continuing….)

These models should be further tested with genomic sequence data, which have better power to detect magnitude and timing of bottlenecks, and to estimate the true joint allele frequency spectrum. More recently, the substantial, east-to-west decline of Near Eastern ancestry (Figure 1A) could represent a defined migration associated with Arab conquest 1,400 ya or merely gene flow occurring gradually among neighboring populations along a North African | Arabian Peninsula transect. Although [/b]we observe a declining amount of Maghrebi ancestry from northwest-to northeast,[/b] it is possible that other geographically North African samples (e.g. Egyptians further south than the sampled Siwa Oasis) do not conform to this geographic cline. Finally, we also observe European ancestry that is not clearly accounted for by the inclusion of a Near Eastern sample. Additional migration coming from Europe might be plausible, though the origin and the period where it took place cannot be determined with the present data. The less than 25% European ancestry in populations like Algerians and northern Moroccans could trace back to maritime migrations throughout the Mediterranean [34]. Alternatively, the Qatari could represent a poor proxy for an Arabic source population, causing additional diversity to be assigned European (e.g. European ancestry tracts were not reliably assigned as European with PCADMIX).


Read more: egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1552/henn-revisited-back-migration#ixzz3DC4zfm3f

[djoser-xyyman]

To add to that....

These Euro researchers play games. They know that SNP cannot indicate DIRECTION of migration, so they "infer" direction by frequency. Meaning eg if an SNP is found in Europe at higher frequency than Africa they infer it came from Europe. Or sometimes they use archeological or documented historical data as evidence of "direction" . Which is manipulative.

There are genetic tools that can be used to determine DIRECTION. eg with 13910 milk LP gene has high frequency in Europe and low frequency in Africa. however the coalescene age is older IN Africa. So the origin is IN Africa and it drifted to high frequency in Europe.

There are many examples like this. Some researchers/authors are honest and others are not. It is that simple. I am on to aware of their games now.


Even the paper above is deceptive. eg they stated that Ethiopia was a "secondary" source of genetic dump into Saudi Arabia. But the primary source was never stated. Most examples given have Ethiopia as the ONLY source.

Also, Did you understand the statement about L6? in Yemen? What they are saying there is, there was very little or no population movement FROM Yemen to Saudi Arabia although they are both on the same land mass.

Why is that important?

It may mean that M/N and the sub-clades may have entered Arabia at a different time or different migration route. Which coraborates Kivilsid statement about Mozambique and Yemen and also DNATribes statement I keep referencing..

Keep reading, you will get it, and catch on

[isa]

Thanks.
Very Interesting.

[djoser-xyyman]

Out of Africa‟ and the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the southern Levant (2014)


Jeffrey I. Rosea
Anthony E. Marksb
aRonin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA, [e-mail] (corresponding

Abstract
Beginning some 50 thousand years ago, a technological transition spread across the Near East and into Eurasia, in the most general terms characterized by a shift from preferential, prepared core reduction systems to the serial production of elongated points via opposed platform cores. The earliest known occurrence of such a technological shift is the Emiran Industry, whose earliest manifestations are found in the southern Levant. The cultural and demographic source(s) of this industry, however, remain unresolved. In archaeogenetic research, the emerging picture indicates a major dispersal of our species out of Africa between 100 and 50 thousand years ago. Ancient DNA evidence points to low levels of admixture between Neanderthal and these pioneering modern human populations, which some suggest occurred in the Near East between 60 and 40 thousand years ago. These propositions underscore the significance of the Emiran and beg a reassessment of its origins. In this paper, we ask whether the Emiran was a local development, a cultural/demographic replacement, or the fusion of indigenous and exogenous lithic traditions. Our analysis considers the techno-typological features of the early Emiran in relation to late Middle Palaeolithic and contemporaneous assemblages from adjacent territories in Northeast Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, in order to identify overlapping cultural features and potential antecedents. Parsimonious with the archaeogenetic scenario of admixture, it appears that the Emiran represents a fusion of local southern Levantine Mousterian typological elements with the Afro-Arabian Nubian Levallois reduction strategy. We CONCLUDE that the Emiran is primarily rooted in the Early Nubian Complex OF THE NILE VALLEY, which spread INTO the Arabian Peninsula during the Last Interglacial and developed at the interface of these two contextual areas between 100 and 50 thousand years ago.