Fascinating article about the so-called Jews...

[history91]

I always believed they were always white. But I'm not sure anymore. Heard they could have been black.

www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/scientists-reveal-jewish-historys-forgotten-turkish-roots-a6992076.html

[history91]

But this woman provides strong evidence showing they had to be white. Not sure what is true.

12tribehistory.com/where-did-the-disciples-go/

[history91]

Any additional information on this subject?

[anansi]

Hello History91 there is previous thread that deals with Mesopotamian in general, Jews are a religion some would say it's a tribe,my view is there is no one way to look like a Jew ancient medieval or modern, if one wanted to look at where the pre-Hebrews came from they said they came from a Sumerian city called Ur and who were the Sumerians??..their literature they called themselves the Black heads and were in fact black Asiatics, but we also know they were conquered by Semitic speakers , and where did these early Semitic speakers came from??... the horn of Africa spreading into nearby so-called middle east.
The case for black Mesopotamians
Klik here,

[history91]

Interesting...I posed this last question because the lady in her article shows the Apostles of Yeshua went mainly to Europe to preach to the lost tribes of Israel. And it shows that they were mainly white. So I was just trying to get some insight.

[mikeyalpha]

Apr 30, 2016 18:29:03 GMT -5 history91 said:

But this woman provides strong evidence showing they had to be white. Not sure what is true.

12tribehistory.com/where-did-the-disciples-go/

I am sorry you got taken in by this woman, she has an agenda. Her whole blog is white supremist BS. The Brits were introduced to the gospels by the Romans, not any disciples of Christ. More than likely all the disciples stayed in the pre-christian roman world. I also want you to pay particular attention on how she says the Nordic race came from Mauritania, leaving out the fact that Mauritania was part of two African Empires, the Songhai and Mali Empire which were West Africa empires. The funny thing or should i say the most tragic thing about the internent is anyone can type something, use a few historical and actual facts to cover up their pile of lies. The Christian world for almost, 300 years before Roman adopted it, was comprised of East Africa, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and that was it. Unless the disciples lived for over 300 years there is no way they made it to Northern Europe let alone the Island of Britain.

[jethro]

Apr 30, 2016 18:24:20 GMT -5 history91 said:

I always believed they were always white. But I'm not sure anymore. Heard they could have been black.

www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/scientists-reveal-jewish-historys-forgotten-turkish-roots-a6992076.html

MODERN  JEWS ARE RELATED TO  INDIGENOUS  PALESTINIANS!!!!   INDIGENOUS  PALESTINIANS   are the  descendants of the ANCIENT  JEWS  who were forced to  convert to  ISLAM:

www.haaretz.com/israel-news/science/1.681385

DNA   TAKEN  FROM A 2000  YEAR OLD  JEWISH TOMB IN JERUSALEM,  SHOWS  THE ANCIENT  JEWS   ARE RELATED TO  THE  MODERN MIZRAHI JEWS of the MIDDLE EAST!!!  THEY  ARE  NOT BLACK!

journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0008319

MIZRAHI  JEWS   include  Syrian, Lebanese, Kurds, Iraqi, Iranian and  Arab Jews

REAL  JEWISH DESCENDANTS:

[jethro]

Aug 22, 2016 4:10:19 GMT -5 mikeyalpha said:

Apr 30, 2016 18:29:03 GMT -5 history91 said:

But this woman provides strong evidence showing they had to be white. Not sure what is true.

12tribehistory.com/where-did-the-disciples-go/

I am sorry you got taken in by this woman, she has an agenda. Her whole blog is white supremist BS. The Brits were introduced to the gospels by the Romans, not any disciples of Christ. More than likely all the disciples stayed in the pre-christian roman world. I also want you to pay particular attention on how she says the Nordic race came from Mauritania, leaving out the fact that Mauritania was part of two African Empires, the Songhai and Mali Empire which were West Africa empires. The funny thing or should i say the most tragic thing about the internent is anyone can type something, use a few historical and actual facts to cover up their pile of lies. The Christian world for almost, 300 years before Roman adopted it, was comprised of East Africa, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and that was it. Unless the disciples lived for over 300 years there is no way they made it to Northern Europe let alone the Island of Britain.

USE   WIKIPEDIA,  NATURE  or PLOSONE,  or any  scientific journals!

INDIGENOUS  MIZRAHI  JEWS OF THE  MIDDLE EAST WROTE  BOTH THE TANAKH  AND THE  NEW TESTAMENT!

JEREMIAH  ONE OF THE  SCRIBES OF THE  TANAKH (old Testament) father  was a JEWISH PRIEST!    PRIEST IN HEBREW  = KOHEN

[jethro]

May 1, 2016 10:16:20 GMT -5 history91 said:

Interesting...I posed this last question because the lady in her article shows the Apostles of Yeshua went mainly to Europe to preach to the lost tribes of Israel. And it shows that they were mainly white. So I was just trying to get some insight.

ALL THE  DISCIPLES WERE INDIGENOUS  WHITE  MIDDLE EASTERN CAUCASIANS!

ST PAUL  was a JEW FROM TARSUS IN  ANATOLIA (TURKEY)

[jethro]

May 1, 2016 10:16:20 GMT -5 history91 said:

Interesting...I posed this last question because the lady in her article shows the Apostles of Yeshua went mainly to Europe to preach to the lost tribes of Israel. And it shows that they were mainly white. So I was just trying to get some insight.

Nope,  they went into  Europe  to  CONVERT EUROPEANS  which they did a really good job of converting the whole of Europe!

There  were always  JEWS living in Europe  going back  more than 2000 years!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy

ACTS 18

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece

THERE  WERE  JEWS IN ANCIENT  EGYPT  going back to  when the  Babylonians  conquered  the KINGDOM OF JUDAH.  Some of the Jews fled to EGYPT:

EGYPTIAN JEWS:
www.google.com/search?q=Photos+of+Egyptian+Jews&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b&gfe_rd=cr&ei=WYfZV4aiKaXS8Af_l5Iw

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN COPTIC CHRISTIANS PORTRAY THE JEWS:

[jethro]

May 1, 2016 7:18:28 GMT -5 anansi said:

Hello History91 there is previous thread that deals with Mesopotamian in general, Jews are a religion some would say it's a tribe,my view is there is no one way to look like a Jew ancient medieval or modern, if one wanted to look at where the pre-Hebrews came from they said they came from a Sumerian city called Ur and who were the Sumerians??..their literature they called themselves the Black heads and were in fact black Asiatics, but we also know they were conquered by Semitic speakers , and where did these early Semitic speakers came from??... the horn of Africa spreading into nearby so-called middle east.
The case for black Mesopotamians
Klik here,

UM...................ABSOLUTELY NOT!    THE SUMERIANS WERE INDIGENOUS  MIDDLE EASTERNERS:
bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-11-288

UM.................ALL  MIDDLE EASTERNERS  AND  EUROPEANS CARRY  E-M78  ORIGINATING IN ANCIENT CAUCASIAN EGYPT  as their main E-HAPLOGROUP! 

Both Haplogroup  DE   and  E  ORIGINATED IN EURASIAN  and  NOT AFRICA 
2016:
dienekes.blogspot.co.za/2016/04/bursts-in-human-male-demography.html

I would use NATURE  for the above link,  but I have to  pay, so DIENEKES  will have to do!

JEWS ARE  NOT A RELIGION  BUT AN ETHNIC GROUP!    JEWS ARE ONE OF THE MOST INTERBRED PEOPLES  ON EARTH  and they are ALL related!  You cannot just convert to  Judaism!!!! 

THERE IS SOMETHING CALLED  JEWISH DNA:

MEXICAN CATHOLIC PRIEST  FINDS  OUT HE IS JEWISH:

articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/05/nation/na-heritage5

articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/05/nation/na-heritage5

[jethro]

May 1, 2016 7:18:28 GMT -5 anansi said:

Hello History91 there is previous thread that deals with Mesopotamian in general, Jews are a religion some would say it's a tribe,my view is there is no one way to look like a Jew ancient medieval or modern, if one wanted to look at where the pre-Hebrews came from they said they came from a Sumerian city called Ur and who were the Sumerians??..their literature they called themselves the Black heads and were in fact black Asiatics, but we also know they were conquered by Semitic speakers , and where did these early Semitic speakers came from??... the horn of Africa spreading into nearby so-called middle east.
The case for black Mesopotamians
Klik here,

SAMARITANS   HAVE LIVED  OVER 3000 YEARS IN ISRAEL!   DNA  taken  from them,  SHOWS THEY  CARRY ISRAELITE DNA!!!  They are related to INDIGENOUS PALESTINIANS   and JEWS!
www.israelite-samaritans.com/

[jethro]

Apr 30, 2016 18:24:20 GMT -5 history91 said:

I always believed they were always white. But I'm not sure anymore. Heard they could have been black.

www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/scientists-reveal-jewish-historys-forgotten-turkish-roots-a6992076.html

ANCIENT  2000  YEAR OLD JEWS OF THE MIDDLE EAST PORTRAY THEIR PEOPLE:

[Ish Gebor]

The irony is the the Crescent was always a horrible place for Hebrews.

So shall the king of Assyria lead the captivity of Egypt and the exile of Cush, youths and old men, naked and barefoot, with bare buttocks, the shame of Egypt.

www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15951/jewish/Chapter-20.htm

The earliest certain link with Egypt is 664 B.C., the date of the Assyrian sack of the Egyptian capital at Thebes. Although it is often possible to locate earlier events quite precisely relative to each other, neither surviving contemporary documents nor scientific dating methods such as carbon 14, dendrochronology, thermoluminescence, and archaeoastronomy are able to provide the required accuracy to fix these events  absolutely in time.[/qoute]

www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/waa.html

"Lachish was destroyed and its Jewish inhabitants were exiled. Sennacherib besieged Hezekiah within Jerusalem “like a bird in a cage”, he states in his annals of Sennacherib. Ironically, Hezekiah did pay the tribute at the end. […]

The inhabitants of Lachish were deported to other areas within the Assyrian Empire. Where did they go and with whom did they live? Language barriers, religious differences and cultural conflicts had to be adjusted in order to live peacefully. For how long did they live in their exile and for how many generations? Are their descendants part of the Jewish population of Iraq, my country? I think Lachish’s people are braver than Hezekiah and Sennacherib."

etc.ancient.eu/photos/siege-lachish-reliefs-british-museum/

Herodotus called Susa "the city of Memnon," Herodotus describes two tall statues with Egyptian and Ethiopian dress that some, he says, identify as Memnon; he disagrees, having previously stated that he believes it to be Sesostris.

~Kevin Burrell, (p.164)
Cushites in the Hebrew Bible: Negotiating Ethnic Identity in the Past and Present (2020).

In discussing the royal road from Sardis to Susa, Herodotus also referred to ‘the king’s abode called Memnonian’ and said of Susa, ‘that is the city called Memnonian.’16 The association between Cissia, Tithonus and Memnon was also explicit in Strabo who wrote, ‘Susis also is almost a part of Persis. It lies between Persis and Babylonia, and has a very considerable city, Susa....It is said to have been founded by Tithonus, the father of Memnon. Its compass was 120 stadia. Its shape was oblong. The Acropolis was called Memnonium. The Susians have the name also of Cissii.’17

Writing of a fragment believed to originate in Aeschylus’ Memnon, West noted, ‘The speaker, prob- ably Priam himself, is interrogating the newcomer and has learned that he is a native of Ethiopia; he finds no fault with that, but awaits further clarification.

~D.T. Potts, New York University
Between Myth and History: Susa and Memnon through the ages
2017, Vol. 1, No. 4

There is some evidence leading to the belief that a protonegroid population once extended westward from India along the shores of the Persian Gulf. Indi­viduals of that group seem to be portrayed on seventh 38 40 So far as it is possible to determine, in ancient times there were longheaded races in Iran preceding the Nordic peoples. The basis for this belief is found in the appearance, in Mesopotamia, of a brown Eur-african type of man. Our present evidence concerning him is indeed scanty, but seems to suggest a remote 41 38 Cf. the upper register of the Ashurbanipal relief in E. Pottier, Les Antiquites assyriennes (du Mus6e du Louvre) (Paris, 1917), PI. 23; for details cf. Victor Place, Ninive et V Assyrie, Vol. Ill (Paris, 1867), PI. 59, No. 1. Or seeH. R. Hall, Babylonianand Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum (Paris and Brussels, 1928), PI. XLIV . Finally, cf. the Achae- menian reliefs from Susa in M. Dieulafoy, Uacropole de Suse (Paris, 1893), Pis. V and VI.
Herodotus vii. 70;Strabo xv, 1,13, and 24.

*° Dieulafoy, Uacropole de Suse, p. 28. 41 Buxton in L. H. Dudley Buxton and D. Talbot Rice, "Report on the Human Remains Found at Kish," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, LXI (1931), 57-119, esp. pp. 84 ff. century B .C . reliefs of an Assyrian king. thors speak of "Ethiopians" in the southeast of the land;39 their modern descendants possess copper skins, straight hair, and round skulls.
ever, safe to say that these peoples never constituted an important or a large element in the population.

~George G. Cameron, The History of Early Iran

The irony is the the Crescent was always a horrible place for Hebrews.

Herodotus called Susa "the city of Memnon," Herodotus describes two tall statues with Egyptian and Ethiopian dress that some, he says, identify as Memnon; he disagrees, having previously stated that he believes it to be Sesostris.

~Kevin Burrell, (p.164)
Cushites in the Hebrew Bible: Negotiating Ethnic Identity in the Past and Present (2020).

In discussing the royal road from Sardis to Susa, Herodotus also referred to ‘the king’s abode called Memnonian’ and said of Susa, ‘that is the city called Memnonian.’16 The association between Cissia, Tithonus and Memnon was also explicit in Strabo who wrote, ‘Susis also is almost a part of Persis. It lies between Persis and Babylonia, and has a very considerable city, Susa....It is said to have been founded by Tithonus, the father of Memnon. Its compass was 120 stadia. Its shape was oblong. The Acropolis was called Memnonium. The Susians have the name also of Cissii.’17

Writing of a fragment believed to originate in Aeschylus’ Memnon, West noted, ‘The speaker, prob- ably Priam himself, is interrogating the newcomer and has learned that he is a native of Ethiopia; he finds no fault with that, but awaits further clarification.

~D.T. Potts, New York University
Between Myth and History: Susa and Memnon through the ages
2017, Vol. 1, No. 4

There is some evidence leading to the belief that a protonegroid population once extended westward from India along the shores of the Persian Gulf. Indi­viduals of that group seem to be portrayed on seventh 38 40 So far as it is possible to determine, in ancient times there were longheaded races in Iran preceding the Nordic peoples. The basis for this belief is found in the appearance, in Mesopotamia, of a brown Eur-african type of man. Our present evidence concerning him is indeed scanty, but seems to suggest a remote 41 38 Cf. the upper register of the Ashurbanipal relief in E. Pottier, Les Antiquites assyriennes (du Mus6e du Louvre) (Paris, 1917), PI. 23; for details cf. Victor Place, Ninive et V Assyrie, Vol. Ill (Paris, 1867), PI. 59, No. 1. Or seeH. R. Hall, Babylonianand Assyrian Sculpture in the British Museum (Paris and Brussels, 1928), PI. XLIV . Finally, cf. the Achae- menian reliefs from Susa in M. Dieulafoy, Uacropole de Suse (Paris, 1893), Pis. V and VI.
Herodotus vii. 70;Strabo xv, 1,13, and 24.

*° Dieulafoy, Uacropole de Suse, p. 28. 41 Buxton in L. H. Dudley Buxton and D. Talbot Rice, "Report on the Human Remains Found at Kish," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, LXI (1931), 57-119, esp. pp. 84 ff. century B .C . reliefs of an Assyrian king. thors speak of "Ethiopians" in the southeast of the land;39 their modern descendants possess copper skins, straight hair, and round skulls.
ever, safe to say that these peoples never constituted an important or a large element in the population.

~George G. Cameron, The History of Early Iran

The Lachish reliefs are a set of Assyrian palace reliefs narrating the story of the Assyrian victory over the kingdom of Judah during the siege of Lachish in 701 BCE. Carved between 700-681 BCE, as a decoration of the South-West Palace of Sennacherib in Nineveh (in modern Iraq) […]

The events surrounding the conquest of Lachish are recorded in an unparalleled number of sources for the 8th century BCE; in the Hebrew Bible, the Lachish reliefs, Assyrian cuneiform prisms and in the archeological excavations at Lachish.[7] Sennacherib's conquests of Judean cities, without the capital Jerusalem, are mentioned in the Bible, the book of Kings, Book of Chronicles and in the book of Isaiah.

"Later, when Sennacherib king of Assyria and all his forces were laying siege to Lachish, he sent his officers to Jerusalem with this message for Hezekiah king of Judah and for all the people of Judah who were there"-(II Chronicles 32:9)

"Now it came to pass in the fourteenth year of King Hezekiah that Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fortified cities of Judah and took them." - (Isaiah 36:1-2)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs

The Ezra and Nehemiah traditions also show Jews who were given significant posts by Persian rulers. Yet Ezra states that the Jews of the province of Yehud are “slaves” in the Persian Empire (Ezra 9:7-9). Some of the hardships suffered by the people are outlined in Neh 5, though whether their lot was different then than it was in other periods is an open question (since crop failure, borrowing, and losing loan collateral were problems experienced throughout history). [...]

In other texts, individuals with Yahwistic names were small holders or lower-rank officials. We also have an archive of texts relating to the house of Murashu, a business and financial establishment of the Persian period that employed Jews as servants or agents. The Jews seem to have been well integrated into society. Apart from Antiochus IV, persecutions of Jewish communities seem to have been local rather than imperial actions, until the Roman Empire became Christianized.

www.bibleodyssey.org/en/people/related-articles/life-under-empire

The Murashu tablets provide a glimpse into what life was like for fifth-century Jewish descendants of the Babylonian Exile and captivity. After the Persian king Cyrus the Great captured Babylon in 539 BCE, he allowed and helped finance the return of Jews to Judea with the Edict of Cyrus in 538. The Murashu tablets are dated to this period after Jews were allowed to return to Judea. The fact that the banking house "Murashu & Sons" conducted business with Jews who decided to remain in Nippur rather than return to Judea suggests that life in Persian-controlled Nippur was at least somewhat tolerable for Jews.[20]

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murashu_family

This decorative frieze of polychrome glazed brick shows an army, the men carrying spears, bows and quivers. Are they the royal guards of Darius I (522–486 BC), whom Herodotus called “the Immortals,” or might they represent an idealized image of the Persian people?

www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/frieze-archers

[Ish Gebor]

Sept 14, 2016 12:37:03 GMT -5 jethro said:

May 1, 2016 7:18:28 GMT -5 anansi said:

Hello History91 there is previous thread that deals with Mesopotamian in general, Jews are a religion some would say it's a tribe,my view is there is no one way to look like a Jew ancient medieval or modern, if one wanted to look at where the pre-Hebrews came from they said they came from a Sumerian city called Ur and who were the Sumerians??..their literature they called themselves the Black heads and were in fact black Asiatics, but we also know they were conquered by Semitic speakers , and where did these early Semitic speakers came from??... the horn of Africa spreading into nearby so-called middle east.
The case for black Mesopotamians
Klik here,

UM...................ABSOLUTELY NOT!    THE SUMERIANS WERE INDIGENOUS  MIDDLE EASTERNERS:
bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-11-288

UM.................ALL  MIDDLE EASTERNERS  AND  EUROPEANS CARRY  E-M78  ORIGINATING IN ANCIENT CAUCASIAN EGYPT  as their main E-HAPLOGROUP! 

Both Haplogroup  DE   and  E  ORIGINATED IN EURASIAN  and  NOT AFRICA 
2016:
dienekes.blogspot.co.za/2016/04/bursts-in-human-male-demography.html

I would use NATURE  for the above link,  but I have to  pay, so DIENEKES  will have to do!

JEWS ARE  NOT A RELIGION  BUT AN ETHNIC GROUP!    JEWS ARE ONE OF THE MOST INTERBRED PEOPLES  ON EARTH  and they are ALL related!  You cannot just convert to  Judaism!!!! 

THERE IS SOMETHING CALLED  JEWISH DNA:

MEXICAN CATHOLIC PRIEST  FINDS  OUT HE IS JEWISH:

articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/05/nation/na-heritage5

articles.latimes.com/2004/dec/05/nation/na-heritage5

You are quite a comedian. These authors did not even look into primary sources by Beniamino Trombetta and Fulvio Cruciani. lol

Hg E is authentic African and so is Hg DE. But even if hypothetically these had originated in "Eurasia" between the emergence of haplogroup E and its differentiation within Africa by 58 kya lol It still would not mean nothing, because these Africans than would be Eurasian in origin. lol

E-M215 = E1b1b = E3b = from East African (Horn Africa). The parent clade to that is E-P2.

P2 to M215 to M35 to V68 to M78. That paper ignores the most basic things sequenced, therefore it is dismissed. 

“E-M78 represents 74.5% of haplogroup E, the highest frequencies observed in Masalit and Fur populations"

~Hisham Y. Hassan et al.

“the majority of Y chromosomes found in populations in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Oromos in Somalia and North Kenya (Boranas) belong to haplogroup E3b1 defined by the Y chromosome marker M78“ 

~Juan J Sanchez et al. (2005)
High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
 

~Juan J Sanchez, Charlotte Hallenberg, Claus Børsting, Alexis Hernandez and Niels Morling
High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males

~Beniamino Trombetta et al.
Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent
Genome Biol Evol (2015) 7 (7): 1940-1950. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evv118 First published online: June 24, 2015

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) [6], [8], [10], [13]–[16] and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe (Table S2). An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other Authors [14], and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East (Table S2) makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. A detailed analysis of the Y chromosomal microsatellite variation associated with E-V68 and E-V257 could help in gaining a better understanding of the likely timing and place of origin of these two haplogroups.

~Beniamino Trombetta, Fulvio Cruciani et al. (2011)
A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms

“Most Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in Africa, however, is present within macrohaplogroup E that seem to have appeared 21 000–32 000 YBP somewhere between the Red Sea and Lake Chad. […]
“Given the proposed origin of Maghreb ancestors56, 57, 58, 59 in North Africa, our network dating suggested a divergence of North Western African populations from Eastern African as early as 32 000 YBP, which is close to the estimated dates to the origin of E-P2 macrohaplogroup”

The Y-chromosome haplogroup tree has been constructed manually following YCC 2008 nomenclature20 with some modifications.35 The tree (Supplementary Figure S1) contains the E haplogroups of Eritrean populations from this study and those reported in the literature.22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Genotyping results for E-V13, E-V12, E-V22 and E-V32 reported for Eritrean samples and elsewhere23, 27 were retracted to E-M78 haplogroup level. All the analyses in this study were done at the same resolution using the following 17 bi-allelic markers: E-M96, E-M33, E-P2, E-M2, E-M58, E-M191, E-M154, E-M329, E-M215, E-M35, E-M78, E-M81, E-M123, E-M34, E-V6, E-V16/E-M281 and E-M75.

The Sahel, which extends between the Atlantic coast of Africa and the Red Sea plateau, represents one of the least sampled areas and populations in the domain of human genetics. The position of Eritrea adjacent to the Red Sea coast provides opportunities for insights regarding human migrations within and beyond the African landscape.

~Eyoab I Gebremeskel1,2 and Muntaser E Ibrahim1
European Journal of Human Genetics (2014) 22, 1387–1392; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.41; published online 26 March 2014
Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism

"haplogroup CF and DE molecular ancestors first evolved inside Africa and subsequently contributed as Y chromosome founders to pioneering migrations that successfully colonized Asia. While not proof, the DE and CF bifurcation (Figure ) is consistent with independent colonization impulses possibly occurring in a short time interval."

~Peter A. Underhill , Toomas Kivisild - 2007
Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations

“The Y chromosome Alu polymorphism (YAP, also called M1) defines the deep-rooted haplogroup D/E of the global Y-chromosome phylogeny [1]. This D/E haplogroup is further branched into three sub-haplogroups DE*, D and E (Figure 1). The distribution of the D/E haplogroup is highly regional, and the three subgroups are geographically restricted to certain areas, therefore informative in tracing human prehistory (Table 1). The sub-haplogroup DE*, presumably the most ancient lineage of the D/E haplogroup was only found in Africans from Nigeria [2], supporting the "Out of Africa" hypothesis about modern human origin. The sub-haplogroup E (E-M40), defined by M40/SRY4064 and M96, was also suggested originated in Africa [3-6], and later dispersed to Middle East and Europe about 20,000 years ago [3,4]. Interestingly, the sub-haplogroup D defined by M174 (D-M174) is East Asian specific with abundant appearance in Tibetan and Japanese (30–40%), but rare in most of other East Asian populations and populations from regions bordering East Asia (Central Asia, North Asia and Middle East) (usually less than 5%) [5-7]. Under D-M174, Japanese belongs to a separate sub-lineage defined by several mutations (e.g. M55, M57 and M64 etc.), which is different from those in Tibetans implicating relatively deep divergence between them [1]. The fragmented distribution of D-M174 in East Asia seems not consistent with the pattern of other East Asian specific lineages, i.e. O3-M122, O1-M119 and O2-M95 under haplogroup O [8,9].”

~Hong Shi et al. 2008:

"CT, has been interpreted as supporting an African origin for anatomically modern humans,10 with Khoisan from south Africa and Ethiopians from east Africa sharing the deepest lineages of the phylogeny.15 and 16"



These chromosomes belong to a clade (haplogroup BT) in which chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor (Figure 2).

"

~Fulvio Cruciani et al.
A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa (2011)

The regional distribution of an ancient Y-chromosome haplogroup C-M130 (Hg C) in Asia provides an ideal tool of dissecting prehistoric migration events. We identified 465 Hg C individuals out of 4284 males from 140 East and Southeast Asian populations. We genotyped these Hg C individuals using 12 Y-chromosome biallelic markers and 8 commonly used Y-short tandem repeats (Y-STRs), and performed phylogeographic analysis in combination with the published data. The results show that most of the Hg C subhaplogroups have distinct geographical distribution and have undergone long-time isolation, although Hg C individuals are distributed widely across Eurasia. Furthermore, a general south-to-north and east-to-west cline of Y-STR diversity is observed with the highest diversity in Southeast Asia. The phylogeographic distribution pattern of Hg C supports a single coastal 'Out-of-Africa' route by way of the Indian subcontinent, which eventually led to the early settlement of modern humans in mainland Southeast Asia. The northward expansion of Hg C in East Asia started approximately 40 thousand of years ago (KYA) along the coastline of mainland China and reached Siberia approximately 15 KYA and finally made its way to the Americas.

~Zhong H1, Shi H, Qi XB, Xiao CJ, Jin L, Ma RZ, Su B.

Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia.

J Hum Genet. 2010 Jul;55(7):428-35. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2010.40. Epub 2010 May 7.