|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 20:30:36 GMT -5
I am other the impression that Cape Verde holds some answers. Again. The sea levels may have been much lower than is currently believed. We have aDNA of islands off the coast of Africa that these ancient individuals carried R1b-M269. What will the aDNA of Cape Verde tell us?  Quote: NEWS 57% of genes in Cape Verdean population from Africa, 43% from Europe, according to Portuguese researcher 27 May 2010 “The Cape Verdean population is one of the most mixed in the world,” in which “57% of genes are of African origin and 43% of European origin.” This is the conclusion of the study “Genetic diversity in Cape Verde,” carried out by Jorge Rocha of the University of Porto’s Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology in Portugal.57% of genes in Cape Verdean population from Africa, 43% from Europe, according to Portuguese researcher The researcher presented the results of the project, developed in cooperation with the University of Cape Verde, to the public this week. The study was aimed at characterizing Cape Verde’s biological diversity. According to the web site Ciência Hoje, “the islands are a meeting point of populations coming from various different and very diversified regions.” Considering the fact that the archipelago was uninhabited when discovered? ? and was subsequently colonized by individuals of European origin and slave laborers from adjacent regions of the African continent, Cape Verde turned into a melting pot of populations which, under other conditions, were greatly differentiated. This amalgamation is visible in the human species on various levels, ranging from the biological to the cultural. Given that “an enormous quantity of biodiversity was generated or that the existing diversity was reorganized, many characteristics that had been separate appear blended,” stressed the researcher. Fogo shows highest levels of miscegenation Jorge Rocha also explained that the distribution of miscegenation may be evaluated on an island-by-island basis. The most African is the island of Santiago, which was the first to be colonized and was where the largest portion of slaves disembarked, even after other islands were already populated with mixed-race populations. The island showing the highest levels of miscegenation is Fogo, the second to be colonized by families coming from the local mixed-race aristocracy. Most of the Europeans who settled in Cape Verde were of Portuguese origin, while most of the Africans came, in historic terms, from West Africa. The largest portion of Africans likely came from Mandinga peoples, who constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. What’s more, miscegenation almost always occurred between European men and African women,***** explained by**** the absence of European women during the initial colonization of Cape Verde. Skin and eye color One of the most evident characteristics of this miscegenation is skin color, which constitutes an essential part of the study on Cape Verde’s genetic diversity. In the archipelago’s mixed populations, there is a series of combined features that are NOT found together in other African or European populations!!!!!!!!!. This variation was studied in a quantified way by measuring pigmentation.”It is possible to elaborate a melanin index and study the distribution of melanin,” affirms the author of the study. Discovering genes The researchers involved in the project characterized 364 individuals from Cape Verde with approximately 1 million genetic markers each. “Individuals from the same island tended to be more genetically alike,” adds the study. Miscegenation may also be evaluated on a genetic level. According to estimates by the researchers, “57% of the genes are of African origin and 43% are of European origin,” making Cape Verde one of the most mixed populations on Earth, “much more so even than in certain zones of Brazil.” “We know that skin color is hereditary, but we’re not too sure which genes influence it,” said Jorge Rocha. As such, one of the central parts of the study was to use the Cape Verdean population to try to discover which genes affect skin and eye color. According to the study, at least five genes are responsible for 40% of skin color variations in Cape Verde. |
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 20:31:31 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 20:32:16 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 20:32:58 GMT -5
This should be in another thread but since we have no mods. If what I am thinking is true I would predict that Cape Verde Islands to the south will have more "African" ancestry and those to the north more "European" ancestry. Lighter eyes will also be found to the North. Darker colored eyes and skin to the south. And guess what. Santiago, the southern most island, has the most "African" ancestry. Surprise!!! Not!  |
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 22:30:50 GMT -5
Sahara desert...in Cape Verde?   |
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 22:35:45 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 22:35:59 GMT -5
Yes. I did a break down of the paper back in 2013. To the newbies, what does the below chart show? Simple. The pigmentation of Cape Verde people CANNOT be explained solely by modern European admixture.  |
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 22:38:08 GMT -5
Cameroon   |
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 10, 2017 22:48:07 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on May 30, 2018 9:58:59 GMT -5
HLA polymorphisms in Cabo Verde and Guiné-Bissau inferred from sequence-based typing.
Spínola H1, Bruges-Armas J, Middleton D, Brehm A.
Author information
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, and -DRB1 polymorphisms were examined in the Cabo Verde and Guiné-Bissau populations. The data were obtained at high-resolution level, using sequence-based typing. The most frequent alleles in each locus was: A*020101 (16.7% in Guiné-Bissau and 13.5% in Cabo Verde), B*350101 (14.4% in Guiné-Bissau and 13.2% in Cabo Verde), DRB1*1304 (19.6% in Guiné-Bissau), and DRB1*1101 (10.1% in Cabo Verde). The predominant three loci haplotype in Guiné-Bissau was A*2301-B*1503-DRB1*1101 (4.6%) and in Cabo Verde was A*3002-B*350101-DRB1*1001 (2.8%), exclusive to northwestern islands (5.6%) and absent in Guiné-Bissau. The present study corroborates historic sources and other genetic studies that say Cabo Verde were populated not only by Africans but also by Europeans. Haplotypes and dendrogram analysis shows a Caucasian genetic influence in today's gene pool of Cabo Verdeans. Haplotypes and allele frequencies present a differential distribution between southeastern and northwestern Cabo Verde islands, which could be the result of different genetic influences, founder effect, or bottlenecks. Dendrograms and principal coordinates analysis show thatGuineans are more similar to North Africans than other HLA-studied sub-Saharans, probably from ancient and recent genetic contacts with other peoples, (from) namely East Africans.
PMID: 16386651 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.09.001
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on May 30, 2018 11:55:42 GMT -5
So we see based upon autosomal markers the Cape Verdeans are closely related to Eurasian and even East Africans and the same is observed based upon male uniparental markers
------------------------------
Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers.
Gonçalves R1, Rosa A, Freitas A, Fernandes A, Kivisild T, Villems R, Brehm A.
Author information
Erratum in
Hum Genet. 2003 Nov;113(6):539.
Abstract
The Y-chromosome haplogroup composition of the population of the Cabo Verde Archipelago was profiled by using 32 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers and compared with potential source populations from Iberia, west Africa, and the Middle East. According to the traditional view, the MAJOR proportion of the founding population of Cabo Verde was of west African ancestry with the addition of a MINOR fraction of male colonizers from Europe. Unexpectedly, more than half of the paternal lineages (53.5%) of Cabo Verdeans clustered in haplogroups I, J, K, and R1, which are characteristic of populations of Europe and the Middle East, while being absent in the probable west African source population of Guiné-Bissau. Moreover, a high frequency of J* lineages in Cabo Verdeans relates them more closely to populations of the Middle East and probably provides the first genetic evidence of the legacy of the Jews. In addition, the considerable proportion (20.5%) of E3b(xM81) lineages indicates a possible gene flow from the Middle East or northeast Africa, which, at least partly, could be ascribed to the Sephardic Jews. In contrast to the predominance of west African mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in their maternal gene pool, the major west African Y-chromosome lineage E3a was observed only at a frequency of 15.9%. Overall, these results indicate that gene flow from multiple sources and various sex-specific patterns have been important in the formation of the genomic diversity in the Cabo Verde islands.
PMID: 12942365 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4
|
|
|
|
Post by kel on May 30, 2018 13:03:38 GMT -5
Amazing stuff on the Cape.
|
|
|
|
Post by kel on May 30, 2018 13:14:09 GMT -5
Amazing stuff on the Cape.
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on May 30, 2018 13:30:31 GMT -5
I made it clear many time Cape Verdeans are NOT modern Sub-Saharan West Africans. Cape Verdeans are probably remnants of the migrants (WHG) OOA. Cheddar man and La Brana etc
------
Genetic differentiation of the Cabo Verde archipelago population analysed by STR polymorphisms.
Fernandes AT1, Velosa R, Jesus J, Carracedo A, Brehm A.
Author information
Abstract
Allele frequencies for 17 STR loci were analyzed in a sample of unrelated males from the Cabo Verde Archipelago. The samples were gathered in such a way that the origin of the subjects was perfectly identified, and they could be included in one of the leeward or windward groups of islands. This study reveals that there are significant differences between both groups of islands, and between Cabo Verdeans and other populations from sub-Sahara Africa including the Guineans, the **most probable source population**for Cabo Verdeans. This study confirms mtDNA data and, together with HLA and Y chromosome data already published, shows that the Cabo Verde population is sub-structured and atypical,diverging substantially from mainland sub-Saharan populations. Overall these differences are most probably due to admixture between sub-Saharan slaves brought into the islands and other settlers of European origin. In the **absence of a clear indication** of a different ethnic composition of the first sub-Saharan settlers of Cabo Verde, the differentiation exhibited in both groups of islands can be most probably be attributed to genetic drift.
PMID: 12914568
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
|
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on May 30, 2018 13:34:09 GMT -5
To the newbies. What they are saying is the genetic data do NOT match the supposed historical data. I told Capra/AfroCurious that many times. Cape Verdeans are at most 20% related to Modern West Africans when the history books proclaim they should be more than 80% modern West African.
|
|
? and was subsequently colonized by individuals of European origin and slave laborers from adjacent regions of the African continent, Cape Verde turned into a melting pot of populations which, under other conditions, were greatly differentiated.
