MEvoy et al 2011-Ancient connection West Africa -West Europe

[djoser-xyyman]

I did not write this. Honest.

I have been saying all along that
1. There is no race.
2. Europeans are a subset of Africans being depigmented Africans
3. There were essentially two wave OOA.
4. The migration route to Europe was NOT via the Levant but North Africa to southern Europe
5. My interpretation is ALWAYS correct
6. Modern West Africans are young and new to West Africa. They are from East Africa(part of the Neolithic package)
7. modern West Africans carry admixture from an older African population that may be part of WHG of Europe
8. Simultaneous reduction of Luhya and MKK with an increase of West Africans. That is why YRI are 3rd closest to AEians.
9. All European lineage is African
10. Africans took their dogs to Scandinavia
11 I wasted my years educating some of you fools when this paper has been out since 2011. (Sic)


I love being right. Lol! Let them keep looking in the Steppes Reich, you "lying European". . But these researchers know that I am right. That is why they play these games of differential sampling. Excluding Certain African populations when it makes the best sense to INCLUDE these said populations. It is a game and they know the truth. Don't believe me? Rosenberg knew it since 2002. Here McEvoy adds fuel to flame and proves xyyman right....once again

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Human population dispersal ‘‘Out of Africa’’ estimated from linkage disequilibrium and allele frequencies of SNPs -
Brian P. McEvoy,


We use the empirically observed genetic correlation structure (or linkage disequilibrium) between 242,000 genome-wide single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) in 17 global populations to reconstruct two key parameters of human evolution: effective population
size (Ne) and population divergence times (T).

Estimates of divergence times between European–African and
East Asian–African populations are inconsistent with its simplest manifestation: a single dispersal from the continent followed
by a split into Western and Eastern Eurasian branches. Rather, population divergence times are consistent with substantial
ancient gene flow to the proto-European population AFTER its divergence with proto-East Asians, suggesting distinct, early
dispersals of modern H. sapiens from Africa. We use simulated genetic polymorphism data to demonstrate the validity of our
conclusionsAGAINST alternative population demographic scenarios.

We explored human LD patterns using approximately 242,000 SNPs across the genome in 17 population samples from across the
globe. We used these to reconstruct two key parameters of human evolution: effective population size (Ne) and population divergence
times (T), and through these track the emergence and dispersal of our species ‘‘Out of Africa’’ and beyond. In addition, we used simulated
genetic data to evaluate the performance of parameter estimators across a range of population demographic models.

However, there is evidence for a small increase in the West African Yorubans (YRI) ;8 KYA, coinciding with declines in the East African
Maasai (MKK) and Lubya (LKK) populations at the same time (Figs. 2, 3B). From ;25 KYA, all non-African populations start to expand,
and distinct growth trajectories become apparent moving toward the present, reflecting the emergence of each population as a separate
entity (Fig. 2).


This provides a clear picture of the historical relationship between populations with three broad groupings apparent: Africans,
East Asians, and Europeans. Early human dispersal patterns can be inferred through estimates of T between these three main groups.
The average TF estimate between these African and European populations is ;36 KYA, ;44 KYA for Africans and East Asians, and ;20
KYA between East Asians and Europeans

Under this scenario, the divergence times of these two groups relative to Africa would be expected to be similar.
Both TF and TLD, two T estimators calculated by different means from the same data, ***consistently*** demonstrate a significantly more
recent relationship between Europe and Africa than between East Asia and Africa. Using simulated populations, we show that under
the single-wave ‘‘Out of Africa’’ model,

While the exact bias is difficult to estimate (Sved et al. 2008), it appears that post-divergence migration rates from Africa
to Europe would need to be approximately CONSTANT because we observe consistent ratios of TF and TLD at different genetic distances.
Thus, the observations are suggestive that GREATER MIGRATION TO EUROPE FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN HAS BEEN A LONG-TERM PHENOMENON.
Y-chromosome and mtDNA lineages are generally highly differentiated between continents, making them powerful genetic
markers of intercontinental migration. Most of the lineages that are characteristic of sub-Saharan Africa are absent in Europe (and vice
versa) (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003; Underhill and Kivisild 2007). However, the coalescent time and geographic distribution
of the Y-chromosome E3b (E-M215) haplogroup points to a late Pleistocene migration from Eastern Africa to Western Eurasia via the Nile Valley and Sinai Peninsula ;20–25 KYA (Cruciani et al. 2004, 2007; Luis et al. 2004).


However, these Y chromosomes are concentrated
in southern Europe (Cruciani et al. 2004), whereas the smaller average divergence times between Europe and Africa relative
to East Asia and Africa are still readily apparent across each individual northern European sample population (Supplemental Table
2). This suggests that the discrepancy has, at least partially, an even earlier and more pervasive origin, being established prior to the
appearance, and consequent migration tagging ability, of the current range of mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups.!!!!!!!!!!!!1

which look at divergence times in West and East Eurasian populations simultaneously, point to a more complex ‘‘Out of Africa’’ scenario.
Firstly, they suggest a substantial gap between African/Eurasian and West/East Eurasian divergence (;20 KYA from TF estimates), indicating
an appreciable pause between leaving Africa and departure for East Eurasia. Secondly, they support further early gene flow to the
remaining proto-West Eurasian population from Africa after Eurasian divergence, perhaps as a second smaller dispersal (Mellars 2006a).
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[djoser-xyyman]

Matrilineal Heritage in Southern Iberia Reveals Deep Genetic Links between Continents. Hernández CL, Calderón R.

Abstract
Within the Mediterranean Basin, the Iberian Peninsula has been a focus of attraction for several cultures and civilizations from its prehistory and history, making it a target territory for studying human migration patterns and peopling processes using a wide and heterogeneous spectrum of genomic markers. While its Cantabrian fringe represents the most regularly analysed area in terms of its mitochondrial diversity, the absence of monographic surveys on the maternal genetic composition of southern Iberians (i.e., Andalusians) **is striking**. In this work, we present a comprehensive view of various aspects of the human maternal heritage of the autochthonous Andalusian population regarding specific mitochondrial haplogroups considered key candidates to determine the genetic relationship between Europe and Africa. Data reveal that southern Iberian populations do not have genetically homogeneous mitochondrial DNA profiles, and their observed genetic affinity with north-western African populations ***represents strong signals of old, sustained*** and bidirectional human movements between the northern and southern shores of the western Mediterranean. Thorough analyses of African mtDNA haplogroups have shown that the ****most ****relevant African contribution within Iberian Peninsula could be explained as a consequence of prehistoric events. The subsequent historic episodes helped to strengthen the ties between both shores. In southern Iberia, mitochondrial and other genetic markers show that the Strait of Gibraltar together with its surrounding maritime areas should be considered a bridge between continents(xyyman: not Barrier). More broadly, the Mediterranean Sea has acted as a transport surface, that is, as a permeable barrier to human migrations from prehistoric and historic times. In conclusion, this research contributes to our knowledge of processes that have shaped the recent human genetic history in the Mediterranean and, more specifically, of the population dynamics that the inhabitants of southern Iberia have experienced with respect to other neighbouring North African populations.

[kel]

So the Carthaginians were Black.........?

[anansi]

Nov 16, 2017 22:48:02 GMT -5 kel said:

So the Carthaginians were Black.........?

Both they and their Phoenician ancestors had ancient ties to folks who are biologically and culturally Africans, how black were they, depends on the individual.

[djoser-xyyman]

La Brana , AIM(Neolithic North Africans) and Pre-Bronze Age Levantines carried ancestral forms of SLC24A5 like Nigerians....do the math.


As I said. It was a black world up to about 2000BC. But the twist is the derived genes first appeared in Africa not Europe.Tishkoff, Brenna Henn, Mark Shriver et al. Faith can through us some curve balls.

[anansi]

Hay Xyyman remember that old study some yrs back about Benin Hbs in Greeks?? Is that study still holding.

[djoser-xyyman]

Yes it still holds. But Benin Hbs is just the tip of the iceberg. I am coming across many studies proving it was NOT only Benin HBs.

But these researchers are being stifled.