Isolated Blacks or Africans in the new world

[djoser-xyyman]

Isolated Blacks or Africans in the new world

The first free Africans in America: HLA study in San Basilio de Palenque (Colombia).
Arnaiz-Villena A1, Juarez I2, Palacio-Gruber J2, Muñiz E2, Campos C2, Martinez-Laso J3, Nieto J2, Lopez-Nares A2, Martin-Villa JM2, Silvera C4.
Author information
Abstract
Original San Basilio de Palenque population (North Colombia) fled from Spanish traders that carried them as slaves and they funded in nearby Maria Mountains a fortified town (Palenque). They started helping new Africans brought as slaves to flee and join them. Most of them spoke a Bantu-Congo language and nowadays they speak the only one extant Bantu-Spanish Creole language. Spanish Crown was forced to issue a decree declaring them free (1691 CE), more than 100 years before than Haiti Republic existed. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles were studied and further computer procedures were performed with Arlequin 3.5 software. No Amerindian or Europeans gene flow to this population was found. However, three specific HLA extended haplotypes are found in this population, which may reflect an isolation from other Africans or Afro-Americans also. This may be due to the maintenance of their own African culture, and even their unique Creole language.


HLA in Uros from Peru Titikaka Lake: Tiwanaku, Easter and Pacific Islanders.
Hum Immunol. 2018 Nov 13.
Abstract
Uros people live in floating reed islands in Titikaka Lake in front of Puno town (Peru). They could have started Tiwanaku culture and shared genes and culture with Pacific Islanders; it is particularly relevant the giant hat covered men statues found in both Tiwanaku at Titikaka Lake shore and Easter Island (3700 km far from Chile in Pacific Ocean). These giants monoliths are very similar one another and unique in America and Pacific Islands. The following HLA alleles are shared in a specifically high frequency between Uros and Pacific Islanders : HLA-A*24:02, HLA-B*35:05, HLA-B*48:01, HLA-DRB1*04:03, HLA-DRB1*08:02 and HLA-DRB1*09:01. Uros also have 3 unique HLA haplotypes: A*24:02-B*15:04 - DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01, A*68:01:02-B*35:05-DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02, A*24:02-B*48:01-DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02. Also Uros seem to be one of the most ancient population in Titikaka Lake that could have started Tiwanaku culture. Prehistoric contacts between Amerindians and Pacific Islanders are strongly suggested by genetic and cultural traits. It is not discarded that Uros could have come from Pacific Islands: Uros show melanic skin and are dolichocephalic; in contrast, surrounding Aymara people have a clear skin and are brachicephalic. The Kon-Tiki project led by Thor Heyerdahl showed that a simple sailing is possible between Peru and Polynesia Islands; also, the most ancient skull found in America is of black origin: Luzia, suggesting that first America peopling was also carried out by Black/coloured people.

[djoser-xyyman]

Study of Colombia North Wiwa El Encanto Amerindians HLA- genes: Pacific Islanders relatedness.
Arnaiz-Villena A1, Palacio-Grüber J2, Juarez I2, Muñiz E2, Hernández E3, Bayona B4, Campos C2, Nuñez J2, Lopez-Nares A2, Martin-Villa M2, Silvera C4.
Author information
Abstract
We have studied Wiwa/Sanja Amerindians HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and DQB1 allele frequencies and extended haplotypes in 52 unrelated individuals from "El Encanto" town at Guanachaca riverside. High frequency alleles were in general present in other Amerindian populations. Also, three extended haplotypes and eight ones were respectively both "new found" and already described in Amerindians from North, Central and South America, including Lakota-Sioux, Mayas, Teeneks, Quechua and Aymaras. Analyses of HLA-A*24:02 and -C*01:02 Wiwa high frequency alleles suggested a specific relatedness with another Amerindian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups (these two particular alleles bearing in high frequencies); they include New Zealand Maoris, Taiwanese, Japanese, Papua New Guinea, and Samoans among others. This may indicate that selective forces are maintaining these two alleles high frequency within this wide American/Pacific area.

[kel]

"However, three specific HLA extended haplotypes are found in this population, which may reflect an isolation from other Africans or Afro-Americans also."

But this 'isolation' is only a few hundred years ......

Is that long enough to produce '3 specific hla extended haplotypes' that differentiate these folks from other African populations ?

[zarahan]

Are there other isolated, inbred populations similarly differentiated within a few centuries?