Africans are all the same-North and South. No divide?

[djoser-xyyman]

Africans are all the same …North and South. End of the divide?

Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers of the Sahel/Savannah Belt of Africa in the light of geometric morphometrics based on facial portraits
Karel Kleisner1 Viktor Černý2,3

Abstract

Objectives: The Sahel/Savannah belt is a region where two sympatric human subsistence
strategies—nomadic pastoralism and sedentary farming—have been coexisting
for millennia.While earlier studies focused on estimating population differentiation and
genetic structure of this ecologically remarkable region's inhabitants, less effort has
been expended on understanding the morphological variation among local populaton

Materials and methods: To fill this gap, we used geometric morphometrics to analyze
the facial features of three groups of pastoralists and three groups of sedentary
farmers belonging to three language families (Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-
Asiatic) whose mitochondrial DNA sequences have been published previously.
Results: Our results show that pastoralists differ from farmers with several facial
features. We also found that individuals who bear maternally inherited haplotypes of
Eurasian ancestry do NOT significantly morphologically differ from individuals whose
maternal ancestry is sub-Saharan.

Conclusions: Our study follows up and builds upon population genetic and
phylogeographic studies of Eurasian haplogroups in the Fulani pastoralists and sub-
Saharan haplogroups in the Arab pastoralists, as well as studies on the spread of lactase
persistence mutations and other genetic markers. Our results suggest that
recent gene flows across the Sahel/Savannah belt were not strong enough to erase a
genetic structure established by Paleolithic foragers and further shaped by the adoption
of agropastoral food-producing strategies.

[djoser-xyyman]

What are they telling us? Well...It looks like certain morphological features existed in North Africans and southern Saharans since the Paleolithic period. The maternal lineage whether "Eurasian" or "SSA" has no impact on morphology. In other words...."Eurasian" lineage has no impact what an individual "looks" like.

[djoser-xyyman]

Quotes:
“However, no research was undertaken if these Eurasian uniparental lineages are associated
with a physical appearance of the Sahelian peoples.”


"
As mentioned above one group of nomadic pastoralists is represented by the Fulani that inhabits mainly the western part of the Sahel and speaks a Niger-Congo language of West African origin (Blench, 2006;
Ehret, 2002). They attracted the attention of numerous scholars by owning large herds of humped zebu cattle which was introduced to
Africa from India??? (Mwai, Hanotte, Kwon, & Cho, 2015) and by having facial features reminiscent of Eurasian appearance (Dupuy, 1999; Hiernaux, 1975; Newman, 1995). It is therefore not surprising that efforts have been undertaken to search for their ancestry out of their current Sahelian habitat, especially in North Africa, Ethiopia, or even
Eurasia (McIntosh & Scheinfeldt, 2012).

"

[djoser-xyyman]

"The dominant group of nomadic pastoralists in the eastern part of the Sahel are Arabs, descendants of numerous Bedouin tribes who
migrated from the Arabian Peninsula?? from the seventh century AD onwards by two routes: along the Nile Valley southward or and along
the Mediterranean coast and then across Saharan oases, such as Ghadames and Bilma, all the way to Lake Chad (Braukämper, 1994;
Cunnison, 1966; MacMichael, 1922; Zeltner, 2002)."


"And last but not least, the Niger-Congo peoples, represented in our dataset by the Fali who belong to the
Adamawa branch (Gauthier, 1979), have, linguistically speaking, clearly West African origin like the Fulani and this is where most of these languages
and their diversified variants are still present."

"Morphological or anthropometric studies of African populations have reported a correlation between some metric variables and the climate (Hiernaux & Froment, 1976)."

"Bizygomatic width tends to increase with air moisture and climate uniformity, while nose height tends to decrease
in wetter regions. Hiernaux and Froment 1984 have also reported—in a paper describing 10 contemporary populations of the Niger bend, mainly
in the north and south of Burkina Faso—that Sahelian men who live in areas where the annual rainfall is around 400 mm have a shorter
and wider head and a longer face, and Sahelian women a narrower face, than southern populations living in areas with rainfall around 800 mm.
Nose measurements follow the same pattern of differences in both sexes that is, Sahelians have a longer and narrower nose than
populations in drier areas further south (Froment & Hiernaux, 1984)."


"Due to a limited number of studied groups, however, this discussion focused on cold-dry versus hot-humid environments,
without investigating specifically the contrast between hotdry and hot-humid environments, such as are frequently found in
Africa (Noback, Harvati, & Spoor, 2011). More recently, this gross climatic association has been explored in a detailed three-dimensional
study of nasal shape, which involved 476 living subjects from Africa, Europe, and northern and southern Asia, and confirmed a non-neutral
pattern across human populations (Zaidi et al., 2017)."

[djoser-xyyman]

"
In this study, our goal was to determine whether the genetic differences between populations belonging to two sympatric foodproducing
economies, which were identified by molecular genetic
studies (Černý et al., 2007, 2011; Čížková et al., 2018; Triska et al., 2015), can also be found by morphometry. The main question was if
the nomadic pastoralists coming from the north show, in comparison with sedentary farmers, morphological traits related to a drier climate,
such as a narrower face and nose. Also, thanks to phylogeographic classifications of mtDNA haplotypes which links them to either sub-
Saharan or Eurasian ancestry, we wanted to know whether individuals bearing Eurasian mtDNA show also facial differences from individuals
who bear mtDNA of sub-Saharan ancestry. Positive answer to such question would suggest very recent admixtures of Eurasian and sub-
Saharan gene pools formally divided by the Sahara. For these purposes, we used facial portraits depicting several peoples living in the
Sahel region, which were collected during field research and mtDNA datasets published before. Thanks to this large and never published
photographic dataset, we were able to evaluate the differences and similarities between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers in
both men and women and improve our understanding of the spread of food production economics in sub-Saharan Africa.

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

Conclusion

"In this study, we have shown several aspects of the facial morphology of two sympatric populations living in the African Sahel belt.
In comparison to farmers, pastoralists show traits related to a drier climate, such as a narrower face and nose, what can be related with
desertification had not allowed further existence of the cattle keepers. At the same time, thanks to phylogeographic classifications
of mtDNA haplotypes which links them to either sub-Saharan or Eurasian ancestry, we were able to show that individuals who bear
mtDNA of Eurasian origin do not show any facial differences from individuals who bear mitochondria of sub-Saharan ancestry so that
the migration must has been rather ancient. These and other results are interesting in the context of African past climatic changes, spread
of pastoralism and farming, and migration patterns between the communities of different lifestyles all that within the dynamically changing
environment of the Sahel belt."

[djoser-xyyman]

In other words they have concluded that Africans who live in humid tropical regions have similar morphological features whether they carry SSA or "Eurasaian" lineage. Geography dictates what an African "look" like. THERE IS NO RACE!!!...or racial ethnicity.


GEOGRAPHY DETERMINES Morphological features!!! always had. Nature Rules!!!

[Tukuler al~Takruri]

Hmmm reminds me of a old report
on Fulani stating those with so-called
EurSWAsian genomics weren't the ones
with the 'exoctic' looks. I think it was a
Černý authored article.


I waver on id by phs anth since joining
ES 15 yrs ago. I subscribed to both
craniology and craniometry previously.
Even charting and illustrating AC Haddon
and R Dixon for my 'notebook/index cards'
back last century.

Today my trust is more in discrete
non-metric facio-cranial assessment.

Got anecdotes if it's OK.


Mensa, don't forget that trans Sahara
Y hg report we all were gonging on ES
last year. Think it's relevant to your
thread.

Sahel-savanna Fishers, pastors, farmers,
and agro-pastoralists all of them have
West African Monsoon optimum / African
Humid Period Sahara ancestry as much as
15,000 yrs old.

[zarahan]

Post by djoser-xyyman on May 6, 2019 at 10:38pm

Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers of the Sahel/Savannah Belt of Africa in the light of geometric morphometrics based on facial portraits
Karel Kleisner1 Viktor Černý2,3

Abstract

Objectives: The Sahel/Savannah belt is a region where two sympatric human subsistence
strategies—nomadic pastoralism and sedentary farming—have been coexisting
for millennia.While earlier studies focused on estimating population differentiation and
genetic structure of this ecologically remarkable region's inhabitants, less effort has
been expended on understanding the morphological variation among local populaton

Materials and methods: To fill this gap, we used geometric morphometrics to analyze
the facial features of three groups of pastoralists and three groups of sedentary
farmers belonging to three language families (Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Afro-
Asiatic) whose mitochondrial DNA sequences have been published previously.
Results: Our results show that pastoralists differ from farmers with several facial
features. We also found that individuals who bear maternally inherited haplotypes of
Eurasian ancestry do NOT significantly morphologically differ from individuals whose
maternal ancestry is sub-Saharan.

Conclusions: Our study follows up and builds upon population genetic and
phylogeographic studies of Eurasian haplogroups in the Fulani pastoralists and sub-
Saharan haplogroups in the Arab pastoralists, as well as studies on the spread of lactase
persistence mutations and other genetic markers. Our results suggest that
recent gene flows across the Sahel/Savannah belt were not strong enough to erase a
genetic structure established by Paleolithic foragers and further shaped by the adoption
of agropastoral food-producing strategies.

What are they telling us? Well...It looks like certain morphological features existed in North Africans and southern Saharans since the Paleolithic period. The maternal lineage whether "Eurasian" or "SSA" has no impact on morphology. In other words...."Eurasian" lineage has no impact what an individual "looks" like.

Good find. This is what we have been saying for years on Reloaded/ES citing studies in
support. This latest just confirms that.

[zarahan]

Study says:-QUOTE

""Morphological or anthropometric studies of African populations have reported a correlation between some metric variables and the climate (Hiernaux & Froment, 1976)."

"Bizygomatic width tends to increase with air moisture and climate uniformity, while nose height tends to decrease
in wetter regions. Hiernaux and Froment 1984 have also reported—in a paper describing 10 contemporary populations of the Niger bend, mainly
in the north and south of Burkina Faso—that Sahelian men who live in areas where the annual rainfall is around 400 mm have a shorter
and wider head and a longer face, and Sahelian women a narrower face, than southern populations living in areas with rainfall around 800 mm.
Nose measurements follow the same pattern of differences in both sexes that is, Sahelians have a longer and narrower nose than
populations in drier areas further south (Froment & Hiernaux, 1984)."


"Due to a limited number of studied groups, however, this discussion focused on cold-dry versus hot-humid environments,
without investigating specifically the contrast between hotdry and hot-humid environments, such as are frequently found in
Africa (Noback, Harvati, & Spoor, 2011). More recently, this gross climatic association has been explored in a detailed three-dimensional
study of nasal shape, which involved 476 living subjects from Africa, Europe, and northern and southern Asia, and confirmed a non-neutral
pattern across human populations (Zaidi et al., 2017)."


Conclusion

"In this study, we have shown several aspects of the facial morphology of two sympatric populations living in the African Sahel belt.
In comparison to farmers, pastoralists show traits related to a drier climate, such as a narrower face and nose, what can be related with
desertification had not allowed further existence of the cattle keepers. At the same time, thanks to phylogeographic classifications
of mtDNA haplotypes which links them to either sub-Saharan or Eurasian ancestry, we were able to show that individuals who bear
mtDNA of Eurasian origin do not show any facial differences from individuals who bear mitochondria of sub-Saharan ancestry so that
the migration must has been rather ancient. These and other results are interesting in the context of African past climatic changes, spread
of pastoralism and farming, and migration patterns between the communities of different lifestyles all that within the dynamically changing
environment of the Sahel belt."

I am glad the study authors are honest enough to address things like how narrower noses are heavily
related to climate- like the drier desert belt which fosters narrower noses, rather than than
obfuscate and play up the "true negro" stereotype. Again, what we have been saying for years.
Things like narrow noses are just as "African" as broad noses and do not need any "race mix"
or "back migration" to explain them away. Just climate itself over time will create said noses.
Racialists of course don;t want to face the fact of African diversity as it debunks several
cherished narratives, but there are also those who know better, including certain academics,
that still trade in stereotypes.

I wish more black folk applied themselves to grasp such things rather than accept the racialist
narratives an stereotypes of society- such as automatically assuming that somebody be "mixed" just
because they have a narrower nose or features. Older folk who did not have today's dataset, yes I
understand, but the younger generation should be up on such things. Alas it seems a fair amount of
time is spent on diversionary matters- cats on Facebook talking bout mystical Atlantis and how it
links to Kemet, or mystical star chambers in the pyramids linked to ancient astronaut energies etc etc.
These were black folk doing this. Yes, I know blacks have their own share of kooks and cranks like
everyone else, and yes some people might be approaching from a religious/faith-based format, but given
widely available, credible info, I can't help wondering if some of these people are not "plants"..
How often they appear in some places, setting up bogus strawmen, that can be easily "refuted"..

[asante]

May 6, 2019 22:33:50 GMT -5 djoser-xyyman said:

In other words they have concluded that Africans who live in humid tropical regions have similar morphological features whether they carry SSA or "Eurasaian" lineage. Geography dictates what an African "look" like. THERE IS NO RACE!!!...or racial ethnicity.


GEOGRAPHY DETERMINES Morphological features!!! always had. Nature Rules!!!

The only question about this conclusion is that it appears to follow the Western model of the peopling of Africa, which we know is false! The notion that so called "West Africans" have their unique morphology due to wet humid climate is based on a false model of our story. They continue to try to deny the fact that all Africans with the exception of the Khoi and the Twa, but including Nilotes, Niger-Congo speakers, and Cushitic Africans resided in North-Northeast Africa (particularly the latter) for thousands of years prior to migrating into "Sub Saharan Africa". In fact it has been proven that "Sub Saharan West Africa" was uninhabitable swamp land until around 5 thousands years ago per McIntosh & McIntosh 1981 ,1986. The entire notion of "West-Central Africans gaining their unique features as a result of climate their attempt to throw us off with their weak Western lies. For example 

Notice these wide features that they claim are "adaptations to wet humid environment" were in place when the population in the main (save for the Mande who had been in Sahelian Western Africa since the drying of the Sahara) resided in hot dry Northeast Africa;

If this migration depicted below did not occur until after the 1st millennium BC (which we know it)

Then their entire argument is debunked. In fact the Nazlet Khater man which is the oldest skeleton in Kemet dating to that hot dry Northeast African environment since 33,000 years ago shows the same strong features as a "Negroid" individual who these studies say only came about due to a long habitation in a wet humid "West African" environment.

My point is that we have to IGNORE their insistence on controlling the narrative. As we can see they are full of sh*t from front to back. 

[djoser-xyyman]

www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOtLCXM8Ox8....prehistoric humans and dinosaurs in Antartica?

I agree we need to ignore their control of the narrative. They have been proven wrong many times over. I believe the historical geography of the earth is different to what we see in pop culture/pop media. Saharans were probably pushed south and north during the desertification.


But adaptation is a fact.......west africans, East africans or Eurasians?

[djoser-xyyman]

Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: Inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait
Mário Vicente, Edita Priehodová

1 Abstract
2 Human population history in the Holocene was profoundly impacted by changes in
3 lifestyle following the invention and adoption of food-production practices. These
4 changes triggered significant increases in population sizes and expansions over large
5 distances. Here we investigate the population history of the Fulani, a pastoral
6 population extending throughout the African Sahel/Savannah belt. Based on genome
7 wide analyses we propose that ancestors of the Fulani population experienced
8 admixture between a West African group and a group carrying both European and
9 North African ancestries. This admixture was likely coupled with newly adopted
10 herding practices, as it resulted in signatures of genetic adaptation in contemporary
11 Fulani genomes, including the control element of the LCT gene enabling carriers to
12 digest lactose throughout their lives. The lactase persistence (LP) trait in the Fulani is
13 conferred by the presence of the allele T-13910, which is also present at high
14 frequencies in Europe. We establish that the T-13910 LP allele in Fulani individuals
15 analysed in this study lies on a European haplotype background thus excluding parallel
16 convergent evolution. Our findings further suggest that Eurasian admixture and the
17 European LP allele was introduced into the Fulani through contact with a North African
18 population/s. We furthermore confirm the link between the lactose digestion phenotype
19 in the Fulani to the MCM6/LCT locus by reporting the first Genome Wide Association
20 study (GWAS) of the lactase persistence trait. We also further explored signals of recent
21 adaptation in the Fulani and identified additional candidates for selection to adapt to
22 herding life-styles.

[Tukuler al~Takruri]

Horseshit

What in hell happened to Černy?
Is Diallo a sycophantic fool?

This preprint is what you call
a stacked deck. How are Burkinabe
Fulani the single best representatives
of the Hal Pulaaren and Fulfulde nation?
Why when they'll yield a priori results.
Throw all other Fulani suit cards away;
the Tekrur (Futa Toro) foundation, but
especially the Fulani in Sudan who
bear up to 10,000 year old T-13910.
They ain't slick. We ain't stupid.

Schlebusch & cruddy bastards
pulling their horse hair over our
woolly heads. "Lynch" Diallo,
the traitor selling out for 💰.
You don't betray your people to
keep your belly stuffed and
water in your swimming pool.


Tired of yte sloppy scholar
eurocentrix monkey funkers
& their dirty self serving lies.

Enemies: the Clash of Races
Haki Madhubuti (1978)
[inescapable analysis based conclusions]


T-13910 is oldest in Fulani.
Early SE Algeria art proves
Fulani had cattle first in
the early and mid Holocene
Tropical N Afr aka the phoney
label "Green Sahara". That art
even depicts the Fulani calf rope.

Proofs were provided 5 years ago
on ES but I'll be damned if Ima
track down and xfer the data to
here. Let somebody else do it.
Tired of posting googabs of
info that nobody replies to
nor even so little as to give
thanks by clicking the like icon.

Independent ADMIXTURE program, run
by a USA self-described negro, proved
the distinct Fulani genome existed in
the Neolithic Levant. Mykenaeans had it.
And do I really need to add all N Afrs
carry the Fulani genome except one
ethnic group in Tunisia?


Take the chains off your brains.
- Patti Labelle -