^"No tradition ? " Ignoring the ethnic name calling.
To the readers....her is another one. Man. This is baffling.
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What really happened in the Trans Atlantic Slave trade. Did it really happen.? The genetic data emerging do NOT support occurrence of a Slave Trade as we were taught.
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Ancient DNA and bioarchaeological perspectives on European and African diversity and relationships on the colonial Delaware frontier
Raquel E. Fleskes1
.
quote:
"The African haplotypes were compared to the African mtDNA
dataset with respect to their frequency and geographic distribution
(Tables S3–S5). Haplogroup frequency data for L0a1, L3i, and L3e
were generated, as well as corresponding sub-haplotypes, as they are
more numerous than
the L0a1a, L3i2, and L3e3 haplotypes alone. The
absence of haplogroup sharing among the three individuals of African
descent indicate that they are not related maternally and possibly
originated in geographically dispersed populations in Africa. It is also
possible that these persons originated from the same geographic area
within a genetically heterogeneous population.
The larger haplogroups (L0a1 and L3e) that included the mtDNAs
of the two adult males have wide distributions and occur in moderate
frequencies in areas associated with 17th century slave trading ports
in west and central Africa (Walsh, 2001, 2010) (Figure 5). L0a, the
basal haplogroup from which
L0a1 derives, was involved in the eastern Bantu expansion into the African continent, which may explain its
high frequency around Mozambique (Beleza, Gusmão, Amorim,
Carracedo, & Salas, 2005; Rito et al., 2013).
It is absent from the
central-western coast of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon. Several of
the
founder types of L0a leading to L0a1 are also found in Angola,
suggesting some connection between the eastern and western parts
of southern Africa (Beleza et al., 2005; Salas et al., 2004).
Haplogroup L3e is distributed across central and southern Africa,
and is also present along the western coast (Figure 5). Its derivative,
L3e3, is found primarily in West Africa, although it is also present in
southern and central regions (Salas et al., 2002; Soares et al., 2012).
The distribution of L3e3 in the African continent likely results from
persons involved in the southern Bantu agricultural expansions from
West Africa carrying these mtDNAs into southwest and southern"
"Specifically,
L0a1a is identified in Cubans (Mendizabal et al.,
2008) and Bermudians (Gaieski et al., 2011), while L3e3 has been
reported in the Caribbean (Mendizabal et al., 2008; Salas, Carracedo,
Richards, & Macaulay, 2005) and at high frequency in African-descent
populations in Brazil (Carvalho, Bortolini, dos Santos, & Ribeiro-dosSantos, 2008; González et al., 2006; Salas et al., 2002; Silva et al.,
2006). In North America, both haplogroups Le3e and L0a1 have been
identified in multiple studies assaying mtDNA diversity in contemporary African American populations (Diegoli et al., 2009; Ely, Wilson,
Jackson, & Jackson, 2006; Johnson et al., 2015; Salas et al., 2004).
Th
e L3i haplotype of the 5-year-old child (AR11) had not been
reported in African-descended populations in the Americas prior to
this study.
This haplogroup is found almost exclusively in eastern
Africa (Cerezo et al., 2016; Soares et al., 2012) (Figure 5), and the"
The aDNA do NOT match the account of slavery. It the scenario is more consistent with the presence of Africans prior in the Americas prior to the European arrival.