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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jan 29, 2020 19:29:38 GMT -5
Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history Jan2020
• Mark Lipson, • Isabelle Ribot, • […] • David Reich Nature volume 577, pages665–670(2020)Cite this article • 537 Altmetric • Metrics Abstract Our knowledge of ancient human population structure in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly prior to the advent of food production, remains limited. Here we report genome-wide DNA data from four children—two of whom were buried approximately 8,000 years ago and two 3,000 years ago—from Shum Laka (Cameroon), one of the earliest known archaeological sites within the probable homeland of the Bantu language group1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. One individual carried the deeply divergent Y chromosome haplogroup A00, which today is found almost exclusively in the same region12,13. However, the genome-wide ancestry profiles of all four individuals are most similar to those of present-day hunter-gatherers from western Central Africa, which implies that populations in western Cameroon today—as well as speakers of Bantu languages from across the continent—are ***not ***descended substantially from the population represented by these four people. We infer an Africa-wide phylogeny that features widespread admixture and three prominent radiations, including one that gave rise to at least four major lineages deep in the history of modern humans.
Scientists at Harvard Medical School sampled petrous (inner-ear) bones from six individuals buried at Shum Laka. Four of these samples produced ancient DNA, and were directly dated at the Pennsylvania State University Radiocarbon Laboratory. The molecular preservation was impressive given the burial conditions, and enabled whole-genome ancient DNA analysis.
The Shum Laka rockshelter was excavated in the 1980s and 1990s by archaeologists from Belgium and Cameroon. It boasts an impressive and well-dated archaeological record, with radiocarbon dates spanning the past 30,000 years. Stone tools, plant and animal remains, and eventually pottery collectively indicate long-term forest-based hunting and gathering and an eventual transition to intensive tree fruit exploitation.
Shum Laka is emblematic of the 'Stone to Metal Age,' a critical era in west-central African history that ultimately gave rise to Iron Age metallurgy and farming. During this era, the site repeatedly served as a burial ground for families, with 18 individuals (mainly children) buried in two major phases at about 8,000 and 3,000 years ago.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jan 29, 2020 19:36:55 GMT -5
They are not really pygmies
It would nice to see how these 8000yo West Africans align with ...the Brits or Cheddar Man and La Brana.
They are NOT aligned with....you guessed it.....modern West Africans.
TOLD YOU ALL SO!!!
quote:
"A newly documented population of hunter-gatherers
Surprisingly, the ancient DNA sequenced from the four children—one pair buried 8,000 years ago, the other 3,000 years ago—reveals ancestry very different from that of most Bantu-speakers today. Instead, they are closer to central African hunter-gatherers."
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jan 29, 2020 19:42:49 GMT -5
"This result suggests that Bantu-speakers living in Cameroon and across Africa today do not descend from the population to which the Shum Laka children belonged," said Mark Lipson, Ph.D., Harvard Medical School, lead author of the study. "This underscores the ancient genetic diversity in this region and points to a previously unknown population that contributed only small proportions of DNA to present-day African groups."
These lineages are ancestral to present-day central African hunter-gatherers, southern African hunter-gatherers, and all other modern humans, with a fourth lineage being a previously unknown 'ghost population' that contributed a small amount of ancestry to both western and eastern Africans.
"This quadruple radiation—including the position of a deeply-splitting 'ghost' modern human lineage—had not been identified before from DNA," Reich said.
I could have written this chapter....
"This finding adds to a growing consensus among archaeologists and geneticists that human origins in Africa may have involved deeply divergent, geographically separated populations.
Analysis also revealed another set of four human lineages branching between 80,000 and 60,000 years ago, including the lineages contributing most the ancestry in present-day eastern and western Africans and all non-Africans
and about **two thirds** of their ancestry came from a distinctive lineage distantly related to a **majority of present-day West Africans**..
"These results highlight how the human landscape in Africa just a few thousand years ago was profoundly different from what it is today, and emphasize the power of ancient DNA to lift the veil over the human past that has been cast by recent population movements," Reich said.
Dr Reich None of the sampled individuals from Shum Laka are closely related to most present-day Bantu-speakers. Instead, they were part of a separate population that lived in the region for at least five millennia, and was later almost completely replaced by very different populations whose descendants comprise most people living in Cameroon today. The Shum Laka individuals harbored about two-thirds of their ancestry from a previously unknown lineage distantly related to present-day West Africans and about one-third of their ancestry from a lineage related to present-day central African hunter-gatherers. "
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jan 29, 2020 19:55:30 GMT -5
Translation......? The people that occupied West Africa(Cameroon the supposed Bantu Homeland) today are new to West Africa. 1000BC modern West Africans were NOT in West Africa. West Africa was occupied by a completely different population similar to Pygmies and a GHOST population. Can someone say Iwo Eleru!!!!!!! HE! HE! HE! But can't wait for an unsupervised analysis with La Brana and Cheddar Man. Damn!!! These are exciting times! NO MODERN WEST AFRICAN E1b1ax. I said many years ago modern West Africans are new to West Africa!!!!!! They are part of the Neolithic Package just as modern Europeans are new to Europe being part of the Neolithic Package that went North West from Botswana quote: "Next, a second cluster of divergences involves West Africans, two East African lineages (one associated with hunter-gatherers and another with agro-pastoralists) and non-Africans (who are tentatively inferred to split closest to the Mota individual, but with no deep ghost ancestry)."
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jan 29, 2020 20:26:43 GMT -5
Remember how confused they were about Mota. He is Eurasian, no, he is not, yes he is , no he isn't ....well...here. See for yourself. They can hide the Truth only for so long....
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Post by melanitex on Feb 2, 2020 12:12:31 GMT -5
This is tremendously good news. despite the small sample size it kinda digs a hole into the whole "You African Americans can't claim Egypt you're from West Africa!" Euronuts had been told not only from African Americans but from Africans themselves they came from the "East" numerous West Africans groups speak about their ancestry coming from the East (Nile Valley)
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Post by zarahan on Feb 3, 2020 21:49:28 GMT -5
Remember how confused they were about Mota. He is Eurasian, no, he is not, yes he is , no he isn't ....well...here. See for yourself. They can hide the Truth only for so long.... Can you summarize Mota Man and his tie in comparison with Shum Lake? Are you talking Mota Man's clustering with some African groups?
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Post by zarahan on Feb 3, 2020 21:59:08 GMT -5
This is tremendously good news. despite the small sample size it kinda digs a hole into the whole "You African Americans can't claim Egypt you're from West Africa!" Euronuts had been told not only from African Americans but from Africans themselves they came from the "East" numerous West Africans groups speak about their ancestry coming from the East (Nile Valley) It may indeed help flesh oout an Eastern migration hypothesis as more details develop, although African Americans don't need any Nile Valley migration to link with Ancient Egypt. As fellow tropical Africans, limb proportions, blood types, the male Y-DNA general marker "E", portraiture etc etc, already make the link. Just in case assorted Euronuts, Arabists, so-called "nativists" or related others don't get the message: Today's Af-Americans don't need any "Afrocentric" so-called "self esteem" or any "political" program, or one-drop, or any "approval" from today's Arabized Egyptians to positively affirm both themselves and ancient Egyptians as biologically related fellow tropical Africans. Such programs or arguments at times are certainly a part of the cultural conversation, but hard scientific data makes the case, apart from the above as well. To the hard data can be added portraiture as well, which only strengthens an already strong case.
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Post by zarahan on Feb 3, 2020 23:54:06 GMT -5
Some in the academy or elsewhere try to downplay or dismiss the hard data by highlighting the "one drop" rule, as if that is the most important thing. But this is not so. One-drop is a valid part of the conversation, for as a social construct, it appears whenever social constructs such as race and ethnicity are involved. One-drop can be and has been seen as a reasonable approach in cultural terms, but it does not replace, nor should it overshadow the hard evidence. ^^Curiously, many white Europeans and Americans begin to backtrack and develop a double-standard, or denialism, when they are held to the reasonable application of their own ethnicity or racial rule.
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Feb 4, 2020 7:56:46 GMT -5
AFAIC No, Black America has no more claim on ancient Egypt than white America has on ancient Greece and Rome. Some white Americans are Greek and Italian immigrants directly descended from their ancients. Few if any Black Americans descend from Egypt or Sudan. Many Black Americans do in fact descend from relatives of the Dhar Tichitt Soninke. Urban Dhar Tichitt --starting 4000 yrs ago-- bears no relationship to ancient Egypt If Black Americans need ownership of an African civilization they have ones their ancestors built. All the ones from the Bight of Biafra to Sierra Leone to S Mauritani to Lake Chad. Ones they know nothing about and display very little interest in. Wanna get down to brass tacks? OK build a table of characteristics Start with writing then book religion. Tools and techniques like iron smelting from rock. Let's not forget the work of D'Atanasio on prehistoric Tropical North Africa. It, along with an independent Black designed and run ADMIXTURE result set, reminds us Great Lake African genomes and Upper Nile genomes at Lake Chad birthed the early-mid Sudane-Sahara peoples and cultures who split toward Nile and Niger and Senegal, indeed, all directions with increased aridity.
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Feb 4, 2020 9:08:37 GMT -5
For easier reading references are deleted from this redux and dates are simplified
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Feb 4, 2020 9:19:36 GMT -5
WORK IN PROGRESS DO NOT REPLY YET
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Feb 4, 2020 9:30:24 GMT -5
There are 23 possible qpGraph ADMIXTUREGRAPHs available. Narrowing them to 2 or 3 for the general readership is about impossible. So, admitting personal bias, I'll just post my 3 favorites later.
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Post by melanitex on Feb 4, 2020 11:05:10 GMT -5
AFAIC No, Black America has no more claim on ancient Egypt than white America has on ancient Greece and Rome. Some white Americans are Greek and Italian immigrants directly descended from their ancients. Few if any Black Americans descend from Egypt or Sudan. Many Black Americans do in fact descend from relatives of the Dhar Tichitt Soninke. Urban Dhar Tichitt --starting 4000 yrs ago-- bears no relationship to ancient Egypt If Black Americans need ownership of an African civilization they have ones their ancestors built. All the ones from the Bight of Biafra to Sierra Leone to S Mauritani to Lake Chad. Ones they know nothing about and display very little interest in. Wanna get down to brass tacks? OK build a table of characteristics Start with writing then book religion. Tools and techniques like iron smelting from rock. I'm still a believer in West Africans being present in Northeast Africa before arriving to West Africa and then there's Ramses III testing for a e1b1a a West African haplogroup. I'm not saying modern day West Africans were the Ancient Egyptians but I do believe there is West African influence in Ancient Egypt.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 4, 2020 13:03:15 GMT -5
". I'm not saying modern day West Africans were the Ancient Egyptians but I do believe there is West African influence in Ancient Egypt."
It is the other way around. No, West Africans are not the direct descendants of AEians. They and the AE share the same Sahara"belt" ancestors. They are 3rd in line related to AE after Great Lake Africans and Southern Africans.
There is Egypto/Sahara influence in West Africa.
As you would find Saharo/Egypto influence in southern Euope like Greece. The Sahara pump.
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