|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Oct 27, 2023 14:35:41 GMT -5
Everything African - The Ass
Those who know my work will find this is not surprising. We had the pigs, Cattle, Dogs and now the donkeys.
Mitogenomic phylogeny reveals the predominance of the Nubian lineage of African wild ass in Indian donkeys Sonika Ahlawat 1, Upasna Sharma 2, Reena Arora 2, Rekha Sharma 2, Pooja Chhabra 2, Karan Veer Singh 2, R K Vijh 2 Affiliations expand PMID: 37429369 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147627 Abstract To contribute to the knowledge of maternal genetic diversity in domestic donkeys, this study investigated the mitochondrial DNA variations and analyzed the genetic structure in Indian donkeys based on 31 mitogenome sequences representing four breeds/populations (Agra, Halari, Kachchhi and Spiti). A total of 27 haplotypes with a haplotype diversity value of 0.989 were evident in the donkey genetic resources of India. The genetic differentiation between the investigated populations was evaluated using population pairwise FST values, which showed maximum differentiation between Kachchhi and Halari donkeys. The Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree based on the whole mitogenome sequence and the Median-Joining (MJ) network for partial D-loop fragment showed clear demarcation of Indian donkeys into Nubian and Somali clades, ***substantiating African maternal origin*** of Indian domestic donkeys. The topology of the MJ network **excluded the Asian wild asses as the possible progenitors ***of Indian donkeys. Halari and Agra donkeys showed conformity exclusively to the Nubian lineage of the African wild asses. However, representation of both the Nubian and Somali lineages was observed in Kachchhi and Spiti donkeys. Comprehensive analysis carried out by retrieving D-loop sequences from different countries representing Asia, Africa, Europe and South America revealed existence of shared haplotypes across geographically isolated regions of the globe. This observation is indicative of utility of donkeys as pack animals across inter-continental trading routes during development of human civilizations. Our results represent a valuable contribution to maternal genetic diversity of Indian donkeys and provide insights into the worldwide spread of the species ***following initial domestication in Africa****.
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Sept 27, 2023 10:03:27 GMT -5
They came before Columbus – II
Following up what Mike111 speculated – African were here long before “slavery”. When he first mentioned it, I, like many here in the diaspora doubted his notion. After all we were educated about slavery and the middle passage etc. We were taught our “history” in our schools and we believed it. African descendants in the diaspora were slaves brought over from Africa by Europeans. Right?
I really have my doubts now and is leaning towards Africans were here (in The Americas) long before “slavery”. The genetic evidence emerging is now proving that. Showing pictures of Olmecs was not enough for me. I am more thorough than the pictorials/visuals. Give me scientific data. Well. I asked for it and I got too many. Now it is snow-balling. I pointed out many studies showing genetic proof of the likelihood of African presence long before slavery. That paper on Mexicans showing E1b1a in present in every sub-population. The dispersal pattern was consistent with pre-historic arrival. Then the study showing R1b-V88 in Native American/Black populations in Georgia and states in the south. They did not carry E1b1a but R1b-V88. I haven’t written in awhile so the studies do not come to mind but they are here on ESR. I have been reading papers occasionally papers over the last couple of years. I have reached the conclusion that the lies are coming too quickly (from these research “papers” for me to keep up the counter. They have reached a point of overt lies and falsification of data. Or clear omission of data. See my email from Wolfgang Haak on the Abusir. He lied replying to me that the Abusir dataset did not produce any CODIS STR when in fact he removed every STR that showed the Abusir were Africans. They left too much data inwith the Amarnas dataset so they were not making the same mistake twice. Any layman with some computing and genetic knowledge will see that Amranas are sub Saharan Africans. My last couple of years was focused on getting 45 re-elected and similar people. Kari, Mastriano etc Trump 2024!!! Anyways, back to the topic. So to prove Africans were here before slavery genetic data extracted from skeleton 1600ad and earlier will be very helpful. Or genetic data from contemporary populations from isolated groups etc may also be helpful. I was particularly interested in ancient DNA from people between Africa and the Americas and Europe. Eg St Helena Islands. If the ancient genetic data from graves in St Helena Island, Cape Verde, STP, Canary Islands, Easter Island , Sardinia, Balearic Islands, Corsica and the Azores etc. We know Africans lineage was in the Canary Islands long before “slavery”. We also know that the earliest non-native inhabitants of Cuba and some other Caribbean Islands were genetically related to Canary Islanders and NOT Spanish Europeans. Over the last couple of months I came across these two papers which further add fuel to the flame. That some African lineage found in the Americas are NOT related to “modern” Africans. These are separate and distinct African lineage that got to the Americas maybe about the late Neolithic. Or even bronze age. How?
The ancestry and geographical origins of St Helena’s liberated Africans - Marcela Sandoval-Velasco (these African lineage was unrelated to modern Africans)
Ancient DNA: A multifunctional Tool for Resolving Anthropological Questions: M. Martinez. (Balearic Islands grave contained African lineage during the Carthage ages.)
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Sept 26, 2023 15:04:03 GMT -5
POPULATION CONCLUSIONS 26. Reynolds distance and cluster analysis show that the three sets defined samples ("Paleolithic”, "Neolithic of the Near East” and "Neolithic of the Iberian Peninsula”) are phylogenetically closer to each other than to the current populations. 27. The three sample sets present, in general, a large number of haplotypes unrepresented or low frequency in current populations. 28. Although the ancient populations differ from the current ones, the procedures of phylogenetic reconstruction place the ancient haplotypes as closely related to the present ones, and indicate that, ancient and Moderna, they proceed from a common gene pool. xyyman comment….Saharans? 29. Neolithic samples from the Middle East have a high genetic diversity, similar to that of the current populations of the same geographical region. 30. The Neolithic samples of the Near East are of composition and frequency of haplotypes and haplogroups different from that of the current population of the same region geographical. It is inferred that in the Middle East there has been a change in the genetic composition since the Neolithic. 31. The presence of currently rare haplotypes, common to some samples from the Neolithic site of Tell Ramad and the Druze population of the current Israel, suggests a very likely matrilineal relationship between the two. 32. The presence of sub-Saharan mitochondrial variants in the neolithic sample of The analysis of the Middle East indicates that the gene flow between this region and the continent African has been occurring since before the Neolithic. 33. The haplogroups proposed as markers of the Neolithic expansion towards Europe from the Middle East - especially haplogroup J-, are not found present in the ancient sample obtained from this geographical area. If we discard the sampling bias as a cause, the results suggest that: 1) either the populations the Neolithic that spread in Europe belonged to a later archaeological phase., or 2) that the current substructure of haplogroup J does not have its origin in the Neolithic. 34. Taking into account only the lineage composition of the Neolithic samples of the Middle East, it is equally possible that the mitochondrial diversity of European populations proceed: 1) from the demographic expansions of the Neolithic; 2) from a genetic continuity since the Paleolithic. 35. The ancient samples from the Iberian Peninsula analyzed here have composition and frequency of haplotypes and haplogroups different from that of Iberian populations present, which suggests that, since the Neolithic there has been a change in the genetic composition of these populations. 36. The presence of the motif 16126C-16311C - currently common in populations of Near East- in samples of the Solutrean stratum of the Cave of Nerja and in the chalcolithic deposits of Tres Montes and Abauntz, moves to think about a link by matrilineal route between these ancient populations and the current populations of the East Next. The lack of information from other periods prevents dating the potential connection. However, the absence of this motif in our Neolithic sample of Next The East could indicate that this connection was later than the Neolithic PPNB. 37. The presence of almost 50% of sub-Saharan L1b, L2 and L3 lineages in the chalcolithic deposits of Abauntz and Tres Montes, in Navarre, suggests the existence in the past of an important gene flow from Africa to this geographical region. The the low frequency of these lineages in the current Spanish population indicates that there has been produced a genetic turnover since the Chalcolithic. The entry of African lineages it could have occurred during the Paleolithic, during the Neolithic, or during both periods. The presence of phylogenetically related sequences in chalcolithic deposits of the Iberian Peninsula and in Neolithic and Chalcolithic samples from the Near East points to the Neolithic as the most likely time of entry into the peninsula of these lineages.
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Sept 26, 2023 15:03:40 GMT -5
Discussion 625 European Homo sapiens was already different from the African populations of the time. The few sequences of Paleolithic individuals available so far so they corroborate. However, the possibility of a survival cannot be totally ruled out in those people of the first mitochondrial lines who left Africa, and/or of the existence of a continuous flow since the Paleolithic between this continent and Eurasia. The results of this doctoral thesis show the substantial loss of genetic lineages from the Chalcolithic to the present, from which it is inferred that such a loss has come producing since the dawn of mankind. If we accept that the mtDNA of the first Moderna settlers of Europe – and, therefore, of our Peninsula– was classified among the European haplogroups, the the entry of African haplotypes into Iberia must have occurred at later stages. Taking into account the data obtained, and without ruling out other minority waves since Africa, the most likely time for the entry of the lineages detected here is the Neolithic. In the sequences recovered from the Cave of Nerja there are two groups well differentiated. While the sequences of the samples of the solutrean stratum belong to European haplogroups the other two samples from the Neolithic period exhibit African motives. This distribution would be consistent with a Neolithic African entry, which would have been superimposed on a Paleolithic substrate of European lineages. However, doubts persist about the attribution of the 2NE and 3NE samples to the solutrense - let us remember-, as has been recently communicated to us (Dr. Miguel Courteous, personal communication). If so, all the samples would be Neolithic. This scenario would contemplate the entry of African lineages both during the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, accompanied, perhaps, by a second contribution from the Near East of typically European lineages today . In the sequences of the individuals from the Chalcolithic sepulchral caves of Abauntz and Tres Montes appear both African and European haplotypes, which it could be explained from various situations: 1) persistence of an ancestral stratum mixed with African roots 2) mix of immigrants arrived from Africa during the Capsian or the Neolithic, with indigenous European descendants; 3) mixture of immigrants arrived from Europe or the Middle East, with indigenous descendants of African origin; 4) or in situ confluence of two migratory flows related to the Neolithic, one from Africa and the other from Europe. The fact that sequences closely related to those of Tres Montes are also found in the the Tell Halula site suggests that they probably entered from Africa at the the beginning of the Neolithic. The “African” lineages of Tell Halula (samples H20 and 2H31) are found today
today only in two individuals from sub-Saharan Africa belonging to the tribes Yoruba and Senegal. Another haplotype related to that of Tell Halula - not described currently- appears five millennia later in the same geographical region in the villa
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Sept 26, 2023 15:01:52 GMT -5
Cont’d Quote: African genetic contribution to the European gene pool The genetic history of the human populations of the European continents and African has traditionally been interpreted separately. The contacts with the African continent - evident in some European populations such as Sicily, Canary Islands or Andalusia–, have been interpreted as the result of gene flow relatively recent. The high percentage of mitochondrial lineages in the ancient samples that currently located **only ** in sub-Saharan Africa comes to suggest that the roots of this gene flow go back much further in the past, at least to the Neolithic. This is especially evident in the ancient samples of the Peninsula Iberian, where 5 of the 11 complete sequences recovered – and at least one of the 9 partial sequences – can be unequivocally attributed to African haplogroups sub-Saharan Africans. As we have already pointed out above, none of these lines are present in the current populations used for the comparison, although some haplotypes related. It follows that, in the geographical regions studied, it took place it is a population replacement. The result, on the other hand, forces us to consider the following main questions: When did the loss of these lineages occur?; can you to extrapolate the influence of Africa to other regions of the Iberian Peninsula and the the European continent?; and, at what time did this gene flow from Africa start? Regarding the first of the questions, the information available up to the at the moment, it can only be stated that such a loss must necessarily have been subsequent to the Chalcolithic. As for the second one, the small number of samples analyzed forces caution: to answer the question it would be necessary to expand the Discussion 623 analysis of contemporary samples from other geographical regions. The type and distribution of the lineages obtained, however, suggests that the phenomenon may have affected the the whole of the peninsula. The two deposits in this region in which this type of lineages are found one at the southern end -in Nerja (Malaga) - and the other at north - in Navarre–. The mitochondrial lines present at both ends belong to different haplogroups, which makes both the entry of two migratory waves plausible from Africa as a single entry of a heterogeneous group with possible effects derivative founders. The role of Africa in the prehistory of our country was a very fashion among the prehistorians of the 20s, later abandoned and embodied, later, in the figure of Luis Pericot. Three are the moments he proposes for the arrival of elements and people from Africa: the Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Solutrean cultural period could correspond to an African current arrived through the Strait of Gibraltar, to judge due to the similarity between the Solutrean points of the Mugaret el Aliya Cave (Tangier) and those of the Parpalló Cave (Catalonia) (PERICOT 1950). According to Pericot, at the beginning of the Mesolithic the first great population flow from Africa. It was about the carriers of the “Capsiense” industry, characterized by microlithic elements in the form of a triangle and trapezoid decorated with geometric shapes. There is evidence of the expansion of this industry throughout Spain. Pericot also points out the presence of microlithic elements similar to the capsienses in Portugal, in the concheros de Muge. The availability of samples of this enclave offered us a unique opportunity to test the veracity of this hypothesis. However, contamination of the samples during the extraction process frustrated the goal. On the other hand, a complete ancient sequence could be obtained from another contemporary conchero nearby. The Toledo-1 (TO1) sample certainly belongs to the African haplogroup L3, which supports Pericot's thesis of an African substrate Mesolithic in the Iberian Peninsula. Eva Fernández Domínguez 624 Of the four complete Paleolithic sequences obtained in the present work -two from the Magdalenian stratum and two from the Solutrean-, none shows the pattern African characteristic mutational. Neither do the other two sequences. Paleolithic periods published so far (DE BENEDETTO et al. 2000; CARAMELLI et al. 2003) - leaving aside the skepticism about its authenticity (ABBOTT 2003)–. The the small sample size does not, however, allow us to completely rule out the existence of an African gene flow during the Upper Paleolithic. The second arrival of African immigrants corresponds to the Neolithic. According to Pericot there are two routes that took the Neolithic from the Near East to the Peninsula Iberian. The first of them through Europe entering through the Pyrenees and the second, the oldest, coming from Egypt through the Strait of Gibraltar. The input from Africa is would have produced in two distinct migratory waves, the earlier one associated with the ceramic of the cardiac type and a subsequent carrier of an undecorated ceramic. Already in the Peninsula, the characteristic cultural type of the second Neolithic migratory wave was it would have extended from the Almeria region to practically the entire territory peninsular, so this phase has traditionally been called the "Culture of Almeria”. Potentially either of these two waves could have left lineages typically Africans in Andalusia and Navarre. In the writings of Pericot - see The Roots of Spain or Early Spain– , it is especially emphasized that the different migratory waves from Africa do not they substantially modified the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula, because these they descended from an ancestral Gravetian substrate with **roots also** in Africa. The the hypothesis** fell into disuse** and has been long refuted by many prehistorians. Comes, now, to recover actuality in the face of these results, even though it is not our purpose to replace the prehistorians but to contribute to the inquiry into the origin the biological history of the ancient inhabitants of Iberia. The mitochondrial DNA of the current European populations descends from a few few African lines belonging to haplogroup L3 that left the continent and gave rise to the founding types M and N. The immigrants who populated Europe they carried lineages descended from the N-type, probably the haplogroups U, I, H and JT (FORSTER 2004). Thus, there is some consensus that the mtDNA of the first
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Apr 8, 2020 11:47:10 GMT -5
1hr 23min - Was Neanderthal and Europeans doing the nasty(sic)?
1hr 40min - they biase when the use YRI as African.
Overall good video
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Apr 8, 2020 8:57:48 GMT -5
"Genes for white skin originated in Africa". 1hr 1min. Listening to him it seems like he is stealing my work. lol It is all good. "They are where they are (suppose to be)" 1hr 4min. He is plagiarizing my work . lol! Asar Imhotep interviewing bioanthropologist Shomarka Keita
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Apr 8, 2020 6:49:14 GMT -5
good looking out
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Apr 6, 2020 13:02:45 GMT -5
Mitogenomic Diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices Sally Wasef, View ORCID ProfileSankar Subramanian, Richard O’Rorke, Leon Huynen, Samia El-Marghani, Caitlin Curtis, Alex Popinga, Barbara Holland, Salima Ikram, Craig Millar, View ORCID ProfileEske Willerslev, David Lambert doi: doi.org/10.1101/610584Now published in PLOS ONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223964 Abstract The ancient catacombs of Egypt harbor millions of well-preserved mummified Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) dating from ∼600BC. Although it is known that a very large number of these ‘votive’ mummies were sacrificed to the Egyptian God Thoth, how the ancient Egyptians obtained millions of these birds for mummification remains unresolved. Ancient Egyptian textual evidences suggest they may have been raised in dedicated large-scale farms. To investigate the most likely method used by the priests to secure birds for mummification, we report the first study of complete mitochondrial genomes of 14 Sacred Ibis mummies interred ∼2500 years ago. We analysed and compared the mitogenomic diversity among Sacred Ibis mummies to that found in modern Sacred Ibis populations from throughout Africa. The ancient birds show a high level of genetic variation comparable to that identified in modern African populations, contrary to the suggestion in ancient hieroglyphics (or ancient writings) of centralized industrial scale farming of sacrificial birds. This suggests a sustained short-term taming of the wild Sacred Ibis for the ritual yearly demand.
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Apr 6, 2020 12:49:00 GMT -5
No response to this point
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Mar 28, 2020 13:45:36 GMT -5
back on topic Complete genome sequence and analysis of nine Egyptian females with clinical information from different geographic regions in Egypt Mahmoud ElHefnawi, View ORCID ProfileElsayed Hegazy, Asmaa ElFiky, Yeonsu Jeon, Sungwon Jeon, Jong Bhak, Fateheya Mohamed Metwally, Sumio Sugano, Terumi Horiuchi, Abe Kazumi, Asta Blazyte doi: doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.10.985317
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Mar 22, 2020 6:47:59 GMT -5
lol! These people are manic. They write or make contradictory statements all the time and in their minds it makes perfect sense. VMAT1 gene at work.
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Mar 14, 2020 7:46:46 GMT -5
I must confess I never paid close attention to Native American ancestry. This may have occurred prior to slavery Here is Dr Winters
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Mar 14, 2020 7:40:51 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by djoser-xyyman on Mar 14, 2020 7:40:01 GMT -5
|
|