Europeans have three times more Neanderthal genes

[anansi]

Europeans have three times more Neanderthal genes
for lipid catabolism than Asians or Africans


Source:
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Summary:
Contemporary Europeans have as many as three times more Neanderthal variants in genes involved in lipid catabolism than Asians and Africans. Although Neanderthals are extinct, fragments of their genomes persist in modern humans. These shared regions are unevenly distributed across the genome and some regions are particularly enriched with Neanderthal variants.

ntemporary Europeans have as many as three times more Neanderthal variants in genes involved in lipid catabolism than Asians and Africans.



Although Neanderthals are extinct, fragments of their genomes persist in modern humans. These shared regions are unevenly distributed across the genome and some regions are particularly enriched with Neanderthal variants. An international team of researchers led by Philipp Khaitovich of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and the CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology in Shanghai, China, show that DNA sequences shared between modern humans and Neanderthals are specifically enriched in genes involved in the metabolic breakdown of lipids. This sharing of genes is seen mainly in contemporary humans of European descent and may have given a selective advantage to the individuals with the Neanderthal variants.
The researchers analyzed the distribution of Neanderthal variants in the genomes of eleven contemporary human populations of African, Asian and European descent. They found that genes involved in the lipid synthesis contained a particularly high number of Neanderthal variants in contemporary humans of European origin, but not in Asians and Africans.
"These sequences show signs of recent positive selection," says Philipp Khaitovich of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and the CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology in Shanghai, China. "This may indicate that they give modern humans carrying the Neanderthal genotype a selective advantage."
Analyzing the influence of Neanderthal variants on lipid processing in modern humans, the researchers further found recent evolutionary changes in lipid concentration and expression of metabolic enzymes in brains of humans of European origin.
"We don't know what these lipid concentration changes do to the brain, but the fact that Neanderthal variants might have changed our brain composition has interesting implications," says Philipp Khaitovich. Further work is needed, however, in order to fully assess the potential functional effects of these changes.

www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140402100056.htm

[anansi]

Xyyman and Zarahan what's you guyz take on the above,I thought the whole Neanderthal in modern us was flawed at best.
the original link is in German so no use posting it but you can follow through the link provided above.

[djoser-xyyman]

Posted on ES yesterday..

Paabo is at it again. He has a hard-on for SSA. How can he claim SSA has no Neanderthal admixture but publish a report that shows Luhya having Neanderthal admixture. Oh! I forgot. Luhya are their(Europeans) ancestors.. He! He! He!

He has so much hate he is blind to logic. More nonsense from him.




=====
Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans-Paabo 2014

Abstract:
Although Neanderthals are extinct, fragments of their genomes persist in contemporary
humans. Here we show that while the genome-wide frequency of Neanderthal-like sites is
approximately constant across all contemporary out-of-Africa populations, genes involved in
lipid catabolism contain more than threefold excess of such sites in contemporary humans of
European descent. Evolutionally, these genes show significant association with signatures of
recent positive selection in the contemporary European, but not Asian or African populations.
Functionally, the excess of Neanderthal-like sites in lipid catabolism genes can be linked with
a greater divergence of lipid concentrations and enzyme expression levels within this
pathway, seen in contemporary Europeans, but not in the other populations. We conclude
that sequence variants that evolved in Neanderthals may have given a selective advantage to
anatomically modern humans that settled in the same geographical areas.

Studies comparing the complete nuclear genome
sequences of Neanderthals and contemporary modern humans
indicate that out-of-Africa human populations, but not sub-
Saharan African populations, contain genomic regions with
unusually high similarity to the Neanderthal genome9,10


Luhya..



Oh! Maghrebians were not inlcuded in this lastest study by Paabo. I wonder why? Could it be Maghrebians have MORE so called Neanderthal DNA. LOL! This TEXT DELETEDhas no decency or ethics..but what would you expect from a man who loves men.

Notice the Southern Europeans(Iberians) have also a higher frequency of LCP than Northerners. Which would indicate that Maghrebians would have an even higher frequency. Because of their increased “neaderthal “ ancestry.BTW- The study is informative for the sistas(Lioness?-sic) who can’t lose weight.

That explains why the white people can gain and lose wait so easily. While the sistas have a hard time shedding it once it is on

[djoser-xyyman]

More nonsense from Paabo. Much to do about nothing. Africans carry the fat catabolism gene. YRI has low or no-frequency but Luhya do and other central East African groups. He only considers West Africans/YRI as SSA . Kenyans/Luyha are NOT SSA to him. LOL Also he groups Aframs with Congolese and not YRI which is nonsense. Also he did not include North Africans in his study which are known to have a higher frequency of "Neanderthal" genes than Europeans. East Asians are also known to have a higher frequency of the Neanderthal genes.

He probably grouped Aframs with Congolese for the chart to fit his hypothesis. His hate for YRI. Keep in mind also Aframs from ASW(Americans from the South West) are supposedly pure West Africans/Unadmixed. That is what they are classed as in the HAPMAP database.

If ASW were included with YRI then his theory will fall apart.

The man is a lunatic.

Barbujani thinks he is nuts.

The suprising thing is, guys like that are allowed to pubished and the media just slurp it up.

Oh! ASW is used as a proxy for West Africans in the HAPMAP dtatabase for low budget studies. You know ehn traveling can be a expense and problem.

[djoser-xyyman]

This is just another example of so many genes that entered Europe with Africans then selective sweep took it from there..eg .just as light skin.

[djoser-xyyman]

Higher levels of neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans.

Wall JD1, Yang MA, Jay F, Kim SK, Durand EY, Stevison LS, Gignoux C, Woerner A, Hammer MF, Slatkin M.


Author information




Abstract


Neanderthals were a group of archaic hominins that occupied most of Europe and parts of Western Asia from ∼30,000 to 300,000 years ago (KYA). They coexisted with modern humans during part of this time. Previous genetic analyses that compared a draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome with genomes of several modern humans concluded that Neanderthals made a small (1-4%) contribution to the gene pools of all non-African populations. This observation was consistent with a single episode of admixture from Neanderthals into the ancestors of all non-Africans when the two groups coexisted in the Middle East 50-80 KYA. We examined the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans in greater detail by applying two complementary methods to the published draft Neanderthal genome and an expanded set of high-coverage modern human genome sequences. We find that, consistent with the recent finding of Meyer et al. (2012), Neanderthals contributed more DNA to modern East Asians than to modern Europeans. Furthermore we find that the Maasai of East Africa have a small but significant fraction of Neanderthal DNA. Because our analysis is of several genomic samples from each modern human population considered, we are able to document the extent of variation in Neanderthal ancestry within and among populations. Our results combined with those previously published show that a more complex model of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans is necessary to account for the different levels of Neanderthal ancestry among human populations. In particular, at least some Neanderthal-modern human admixture must postdate the separation of the ancestors of modern European and modern East Asian populations.

[djoser-xyyman]

Also - LOL



====


Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa.

Hammer MF1, Woerner AE, Mendez FL, Watkins JC, Wall JD.


Author information




Abstract


A long-debated question concerns the fate of archaic forms of the genus Homo: did they go extinct without interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, or are their genes present in contemporary populations? This question is typically focused on the genetic contribution of archaic forms outside of Africa. Here we use DNA sequence data gathered from 61 noncoding autosomal regions in a sample of three sub-Saharan African populations (Mandenka, Biaka, and San) to test models of African archaic admixture. We use two complementary approximate-likelihood approaches and a model of human evolution that involves recent population structure, with and without gene flow from an archaic population. Extensive simulation results reject the null model of no admixture and allow us to infer that contemporary African populations contain a small proportion of genetic material (≈ 2%) that introgressed ≈ 35 kya from an archaic population that split from the ancestors of anatomically modern humans ≈ 700 kya. Three candidate regions showing deep haplotype divergence, unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and small basal clade size are identified and the distributions of introgressive haplotypes surveyed in a sample of populations from across sub-Saharan Africa. One candidate locus with an unusual segment of DNA that extends for >31 kb on chromosome 4 seems to have introgressed into modern Africans from a now-extinct taxon that may have lived in central Africa. Taken together our results suggest that polymorphisms present in extant populations introgressed via relatively recent interbreeding with hominin forms that diverged from the ancestors of modern humans in the Lower-Middle Pleistocene

[djoser-xyyman]

Read enough and you know Paabo and his crew is BSing

[zarahan]

I am open to the possibility of more Neanderthal admix in Euros and Asians,
but several other scholars question the admixture scenario and instead see
what looks like admixture as mimicry, or echoes of a common ancestor shared
by both modern humans and Neanderthals. At least 3 recent studies challenge
the Neanderthal interbreeding scenario (Ghirotto, et al 2011. No evidence of
Neandertal admixture..; Gokcumen et al 2012. Balancing Selection on a Regulatory
Region...; Eriksson and Manica (2012) Effect of ancient population structure...)
So not only is the admixture scenario still doubtful, but even if there was
admixture it is in trivial amounts. The jury is still out..

Still I would not be surprised if, on the tens of thousands of square miles
we now call "Europe" some down and dirty action occurred. Glad also for that
post showing the "neandrthal features also occur among some Africans, demonstrating
that Europe is not unique as far as ancient hominin mixes.

[truthteacher2007]

Apr 4, 2014 0:14:45 GMT -5 zarahan said:

I am open to the possibility of more Neanderthal admix in Euros and Asians,
but several other scholars question the admixture scenario and instead see
what looks like admixture as mimicry, or echoes of a common ancestor shared
by both modern humans and Neanderthals. At least 3 recent studies challenge
the Neanderthal interbreeding scenario (Ghirotto, et al 2011. No evidence of
Neandertal admixture..; Gokcumen et al 2012. Balancing Selection on a Regulatory
Region...; Eriksson and Manica (2012) Effect of ancient population structure...)
So not only is the admixture scenario still doubtful, but even if there was
admixture it is in trivial amounts. The jury is still out..

Still I would not be surprised if, on the tens of thousands of square miles
we now call "Europe" some down and dirty action occurred. Glad also for that
post showing the "neandrthal features also occur among some Africans, demonstrating
that Europe is not unique as far as ancient hominin mixes.

Well here's another thing to consider. The way he categorizes Afro Americans. It totally ignores the fact that a significant percentage of Afro Americans are also of partial European descent. So how can you put them all in one basket that ignores this fact if you're being sientifically objective?

[djoser-xyyman]

That is why it is important to read …and understand the researchers strategy. Sometimes it is not easy to follow.

The abstract says one thing while the authors own.publish work shows another. Henn did the same thing. Her tittle on “Back Migration” is miss-leading. It is baffling how they get away with the missleading “headlines” and “titles”. All the so called Neanderthal genes have been showed to exist in SSA like Luhya and Massai. There may be other groups. But these three groups are used in HAPMAP and HGDP databases where most of the researchers “retrieve” their “African” genetic samples. There may be other ethnic groups west of Central Africa that carry these markers. That is why it is very important to wait until significant sampling and mapping is done. 109 samples/people of which YRI is made up does NOT represent the diversity of millons of West Africans. There is big business associated with Neanderthal admixture. Check your 23andme results. We don’t want to crash the Neanderthal economy. LOL!
HAPMAP and HGDP is a start but not the end.
Oh! I agree ASW(AFRAMS) is not a good example, but why even include that dataset? GOULA. But to catagorize ASW as Congolese is really really really sloppy work.

Just so you know, many publish reports, eg Bahar et al, has demonstrated that the Luhya DNA makeup is related to Maghrebians and Eurasians. There may be other such African groups but more sampling will reveal that. I speculated that Luyha are source population for many groups. DNAtribes is now leaning in that direction. I will create a thread on DNATribes analysis soon.
Even within the DNA world there are political factions…geno-political factions. LOL! On pro-Neanderthal admixture Paabo leads that group. Most papers on Neanderthal admixture will have Paabo as co-sign somewhere. He sequenced and owns the Neanderthal genome at Max Planck Germany. Tishkoff is in his camp, I am on the fence with her work, but she has done extensive work in Africa. On the other side is Barbujani. He is an advocate on “we are all Africans”. He does not believe modern Euroepans are who they pretend to be. Know the players. Know wheree they are coming from.

[zarahan]

Notice the Southern Europeans(Iberians) have also a higher frequency of LCP than Northerners. Which would indicate that Maghrebians would have an even higher frequency. Because of their increased “neaderthal “ ancestry.BTW- The study is informative for the sistas(Lioness?-sic) who can’t lose weight.

That explains why the white people can gain and lose wait so easily. While the sistas have a hard time shedding it once it is on

I wonder how much of this can be Neanderthal traced though.
According to some of what I have read, (Oubre 2007),
in SOME cases, AfAm women seem to have lower metabolic rates
than white women- hence problems of SOME women with weight.
The metabolic rates seem cued to varying mixtures of genetic
and environmental causes- the two affecting one another in
varying proportions. Harsh conditions under slavery for example,
where your next meal might be the worse foods- a minimum for survival
could have sparked a cultural pattern passed down for over-eating,
once adequate food supplies became available. Over time this
pattern could impact genetics like in levels of obesity.
(Alondra Oubre 2007, Races, Genes and ABility).

But this cannot be said for all women of African descent. One
need only look at the opposite end of the spectrum, those thin,
elongated East Africans, and similar types in parts of West Africa.


Even within the DNA world there are political factions…geno-political factions. LOL! On pro-Neanderthal admixture Paabo leads that group. Most papers on Neanderthal admixture will have Paabo as co-sign somewhere. He sequenced and owns the Neanderthal genome at Max Planck Germany. Tishkoff is in his camp, I am on the fence with her work, but she has done extensive work in Africa. On the other side is Barbujani. He is an advocate on “we are all Africans”. He does not believe modern Euroepans are who they pretend to be. Know the players. Know wheree they are coming from.

Do you have more on Barbujani and his studies where he sets
forth this point of view? Articles? Books? etc

[djoser-xyyman]

Catabolism is OPPOSITE to Metabolism. Problem is LOSING/CATABOLISING the weight.

As I said Tishkoff did extensive work in Africa. In one such paper she pointed out the reason for higher hypertension is Aframs. It has to do with "shedding" salt. We are built to retain salt. Inactivity and "less" tropical/sweating conditions does NOT help the situation. Same can be said for the slender East Africans or any African, They have tropical proportions for a reason. Nature did a good job in designing us.


===
Quote: That explains why the white people can gain and lose wait so easily. While the sistas have a hard time shedding it once it is on

Quote: According to some of what I have read, (Oubre 2007),
in SOME cases, AfAm women seem to have lower metabolic rates
than white women- hence problems of SOME women with weight.
The metabolic rates seem cued to varying mixtures of genetic
and environmental causes-

[djoser-xyyman]

Let’s look at what the media has to say. As I said. This is a war on the minds of ALL peoples. Even the media is confusing “Metablosim” with “Catabolism”. Internet follore and media hype. Part of the Neanderthal economy.
Reminds me of La Brana man. Media proclaimed “swarthy with blue eyes.”. While the original researchers proclaimed black like Africans with light eyes. The actual fact is gentically, La Brana, eye color can range from light brown to blue.

==========
Quote:
Swarthy, blue-eyed caveman revealed using DNA from ancient tooth ...
www.theguardian.com/.../swarthy-blue-eyed-caveman-dna-tooth

Quote:
Did the Neanderthals make us FAT? Ancient genes in human DNA ...
www.dailymail.co.uk/.../Did-Neanderthals-make-FAT-Ancient-genes-human- DNA-linked-fat-build-Europeans.html
Apr 4, 2014 ... The sharing of genes is mainly seen in modern Europeans and may have .Ancient genes in human DNA linked to fat build-up in Europeans


Quote(from ACTUAL paper)
Defn Catabolsim (dictionary) - process in which complex molecules are broken down into simple ones with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. Ie not fat build up but break down.
Studies comparing the complete nuclear genome sequences of Neanderthals and contemporary modern humans indicate that out-of-Africa human populations, but not sub- Saharan African populations, contain genomic regions with unusually high similarity to the Neanderthal genome9,

we show significant EXCESS of lipid concentration and gene expression divergence in lipid catabolism pathways in Europeans, but not the other population groups. Furthermore, lipid catabolism genes showing INCREASED EXPRESSION divergence in Europeans contain an even higher proportion of Neanderthal sites than other lipid catabolism genes.
XYYMAN COMMENT: They are not saying other populations do not have LCP. But Europeans have an excess.

These adaptive variants may then have been acquired by the modern humans through introgression and rapidly brought to high frequency by positive selection. Signatures of recent positive selection associated with lipid catabolism genes containing NLS in contemporary Europeans further indicate that these genetic variants may have been swept to high frequency by positive selection.

Furthermore, while the EXCESS of NLS in lipid catabolism genes is not observed in East Asian populations, we cannot assume that it is specific to Europeans. Complete genome sequences from a larger spectrum of human populations, especially from geographical regions coinciding with the Neanderthal living range, are needed to determine the full geographical spectrum of this effect.


XYYMAN COMMENT: This is where Paabo covers his azz(pun inetended!! gay joke). Just in case he is proven wrong , so he cannot later be charged with fraud and incompetence. Here he is acknowledging the African substructure scenario. Read on.

Quote :We further note that a high frequency of NLS in lipid catabolism genes of contemporary Europeans does not require introgression, but is compatible with alternative scenarios. For instance, an alternative explanation of the general increase in NLS frequency in humans outside Africa, postulating the existence of a complex population structure within the African continent at the time of human and Neanderthal lineage divergence, has been hypothesized4. This hypothesis explains the presence of Neanderthal variants in non-African human populations by shared ancestry specific to ancestral human populations that left the African continent. If the lipid catabolism gene variants we find in Neanderthals and contemporary Europeans were already present in the ancestors of Neanderthals and out-of-Africa human populations, they may have INDEPENDENTLY increased in frequency in Neanderthals and humans situated in the European region.
=====

[djoser-xyyman]

Bottomline: read the ORIGINAL paper. If you are interested in the truth. Do NOT get your information from bloggers and internet hype of media. Even Paabo is aware of that.