Did the Bantu expansion really occur?

[djoser-xyyman]

As of Dec2018

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What did I tell you? There was no Bantu Expansion. West Africans are primarily Neolithic Africans and Iwo-Eleru(WA-1). West Africans are part of the Neolithic Package(WA2). EEF from Great Lakes

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The evolutionary history of Southern Africa Francesco Montinaro1,2 and Cristian Capelli1
Quote:
“Proposed evolutionary models for African genetic structure. (a) Western Africa groups have ancestry from a basal western African lineage (WA1). The **major source** of western African ancestry (WA2) is more related to eastern Africans (EA) and non-Africans than Southern African Khoe-San (SA). (b) West Africa populations have gene flow from a population related to both southern and eastern Africa, supporting a more complex pattern of isolation-by-distance (Redrawn from Skoglund et al. [25]).”

[asante]

Your work is much appreciated man!

[djoser-xyyman]

Thanks!

Dec 11, 2018 20:46:49 GMT -5 asante said:

Your work is much appreciated man!

[djoser-xyyman]

Genetic signatures of gene flow and malaria-driven natural selection in sub-Saharan populations of the "endemic Burkitt Lymphoma belt"
Mateus H. Gouveia , Andrew W. Bergen March 2019

Abstract
Populations in sub-Saharan Africa have historically been exposed to intense selection from chronic infection with falciparum malaria. Interestingly, populations with the highest malaria intensity can be identified by the increased occurrence of endemic Burkitt Lymphoma (eBL), a pediatric cancer that affects populations with intense malaria exposure, in the so called “eBL belt” in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the effects of intense malaria exposure and sub-Saharan populations’ genetic histories remain poorly explored. To determine if historical migrations and intense malaria exposure have shaped the genetic composition of the eBL belt populations, we genotyped ~4.3 million SNPs in 1,708 individuals from Ghana and Northern Uganda, located on opposite sides of eBL belt and with ≥ 7 months/year of intense malaria exposure and published evidence of high incidence of BL. Among 35 Ghanaian tribes, we showed a predominantly West-Central African ancestry and genomic footprints of gene flow ****from**** Gambian and East African populations. In Uganda, the North West population showed a predominantly Nilotic ancestry, and the North Central population was a mixture of Nilotic and Southern Bantu ancestry, while the Southwest Ugandan population showed a predominant Southern Bantu ancestry. Our results support the hypothesis of diverse ancestral origins of the Ugandan, Kenyan and Tanzanian Great Lakes African populations, reflecting a confluence of Nilotic, Cushitic and Bantu migrations in the last 3000 years. Natural selection analyses suggest, for the first time, a strong positive selection signal in the ATP2B4 gene (rs10900588) in Northern Ugandan populations. These findings provide important baseline genomic data to facilitate disease association studies, including of eBL, in eBL belt populations.

[Tukuler al~Takruri]

Yup. an ADMIXTURE graph @ K=18 brought out Voltaic substructure besides Atlantic and Eastern ancestries in Ghana too.

This diversity is not a product of the latest drivel, 'eurasian driven african diversity'.
Amazing what Blacks will pick up and run with after Simon Sez so.

Who claims American Indians diversity is a product of European admixture?
I mean invaders come late and get it on with the locals.
Get it? The locals and their diversity existed before the invaders jumped in their gene pool.
All the invaders did was dilute it, mix it up, alter it from the original.

SMH at modern western product Blacks trying stripping Africans of active agency in the formation of indigenous ethnic groups from the autochthonous pre-historic to Pleistocene African peoples.


Bantu speaking east & south Africans have a Tswana(?) exemplared ancestry that's neither Click nor Niger Delta.

[rutarindwa125]

This is a comment about Bantu Migration from Cameroon or wherever they allegedly came from. Bantu is a 19th century story (as opposed to a verifiable theory)that was concocted by old colonial adventurers.The closeness of Bantu languages is undeniable just as Latin languages or Germanic languages of Europe.Bantu languages are "a tiny branch," while Germanic languages are a "family."That is a big sign of a callous prejudice or a careless definition.If Bantu migration was such a big historical event that indeed did take place,we should have no difficulties following that trek historically, linguistically and best of all genetically!But to this day,no two geneticians agree on where the old "Muntu Patriarch" lived,and why his Bantu descendants decided to leave him.

Obviously,the whole Bantu myth is about 500 years old,and the case of Abaluyia of western Kenya is a case in point.They migrated to that area from Uganda and Tanzania where most of them were assimilated and adopted the Luo language,since this region was inhabited by non-Bantu Luo and other tribes.They even intermarried with Luo very often.When the British colonized the region,they resented Luo nationalism and favored the Abaluyia who were more submissive.Due to the British involvement, Abaluyia became a separate community and ended their efforts to be assimilated into the Luo community.Abaluyia are made of 17 distinct and separate communities who have no relationship whatsoever with one another.And since they intermarried with Luo in fairly large numbers,no Abaluyia genetic samples should be used as "typical Bantu." There is even one sub-group of Abaluyia who came from Rwanda,known as "ABATSOBE." The Agikuyu,according to the Nature magazine,they belong to the non-Bantu Kalenjin group,the tribe of Arap Moi.That would explain why gikuyu language sounds so different from other local Bantu languages. To invoke Abaluyia as your typical Bantu without knowing anything about their history, is a crime!

Mozambique is another interesting case involving Bantu.By 1900,the population of Mozambique was about 400,000.Since then when the country was colonized by Portuguese,has seen the fastest population increase next to the USA! Between 1900 and 2000,the population of Mozambique has increased by 70%! That is probably the fastest population increase in human history.Bantu population increase in general reflect this sudden expansion out of nowhere just like Mozambique.In 1900,the population of Rwanda far exceeded those typical Bantu nations like,Mozambique,Angola,Zambia,Malawi,Zimbabwe and so many other in the sub-Saharan region.Again in 1900,the population of Rwanda and Burundi equaled that of the entire Tanganyika! There is something very very wrong with Bantu theory.

Israel Ntaganzwa,

New York

[djoser-xyyman]

Mozambican genetic variation provides new insights into the Bantu expansion -Armando Semoa , Magdalen

Abstract
The Bantu expansion, which started in West Central Africa around 5,000 BP, constitutes a major migratory
movement involving the joint spread of peoples and languages across sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the rich
linguistic and archaeological evidence available, the genetic relationships between different Bantu-speaking
populations and the migratory routes they followed during various phases of the expansion remain poorly
understood. Here, we analyze the genetic profiles of southwestern and southeastern Bantu-speaking peoples
located at the edges of the Bantu expansion by generating genome-wide data for 200 individuals from 12
Mozambican and 3 Angolan populations using ~1.9 million autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Incorporating a wide range of available genetic data, our analyses confirm previous results favoring a “late split”
between West and East Bantu speakers, following a joint passage through the rainforest. In addition, we find
that Bantu speakers from eastern Africa display genetic substructure, with Mozambican populations forming a
gradient of relatedness along a North-South cline stretching from the coastal border between Kenya and
Tanzania to South Africa. This gradient is further associated with a southward increase in genetic homogeneity,
and involved minimum admixture with resident populations. Together, our results provide the first genetic
evidence in support of a rapid North-South dispersal of Bantu peoples along the Indian Ocean Coast, as inferred
from the distribution and antiquity of Early Iron Age assemblages associated with the Kwale archaeological
tradition.

[asante]

Mar 24, 2019 11:00:21 GMT -5 rutarindwa125 said:

This is a comment about Bantu Migration from Cameroon or wherever they allegedly came from. Bantu is a 19th century story (as opposed to a verifiable theory)that was concocted by old colonial adventurers.The closeness of Bantu languages is undeniable just as Latin languages or Germanic languages of Europe.Bantu languages are "a tiny branch," while Germanic languages are a "family."That is a big sign of a callous prejudice or a careless definition.If Bantu migration was such a big historical event that indeed did take place,we should have no difficulties following that trek historically, linguistically and best of all genetically!But to this day,no two geneticians agree on where the old "Muntu Patriarch" lived,and why his Bantu descendants decided to leave him.

Obviously,the whole Bantu myth is about 500 years old,and the case of Abaluyia of western Kenya is a case in point.They migrated to that area from Uganda and Tanzania where most of them were assimilated and adopted the Luo language,since this region was inhabited by non-Bantu Luo and other tribes.They even intermarried with Luo very often.When the British colonized the region,they resented Luo nationalism and favored the Abaluyia who were more submissive.Due to the British involvement, Abaluyia became a separate community and ended their efforts to be assimilated into the Luo community.Abaluyia are made of 17 distinct and separate communities who have no relationship whatsoever with one another.And since they intermarried with Luo in fairly large numbers,no Abaluyia genetic samples should be used as "typical Bantu." There is even one sub-group of Abaluyia who came from Rwanda,known as "ABATSOBE." The Agikuyu,according to the Nature magazine,they belong to the non-Bantu Kalenjin group,the tribe of Arap Moi.That would explain why gikuyu language sounds so different from other local Bantu languages. To invoke Abaluyia as your typical Bantu without knowing anything about their history, is a crime!

Mozambique is another interesting case involving Bantu.By 1900,the population of Mozambique was about 400,000.Since then when the country was colonized by Portuguese,has seen the fastest population increase next to the USA! Between 1900 and 2000,the population of Mozambique has increased by 70%! That is probably the fastest population increase in human history.Bantu population increase in general reflect this sudden expansion out of nowhere just like Mozambique.In 1900,the population of Rwanda far exceeded those typical Bantu nations like,Mozambique,Angola,Zambia,Malawi,Zimbabwe and so many other in the sub-Saharan region.Again in 1900,the population of Rwanda and Burundi equaled that of the entire Tanganyika! There is something very very wrong with Bantu theory.

Israel Ntaganzwa,

New York

 Good information! This is the context that we need from Africans! Only they know the full story to the half truths that these Europeans are trying to pass off the bogus studies with. Please to our African brothers bring more context to the table like this brother (and others on this forum) so that we can really put the pieces of the puzzle together. We cannot let these wicked Devils continue to separate us!

[djoser-xyyman]

Fresh off the press.

_<<<<<<

Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history Jan2020

• Mark Lipson,
• Isabelle Ribot,
• […]
• David Reich
Nature volume 577, pages665–670(2020)Cite this article
• 537 Altmetric
• Metrics
Abstract
Our knowledge of ancient human population structure in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly prior to the advent of food production, remains limited. Here we report genome-wide DNA data from four children—two of whom were buried approximately 8,000 years ago and two 3,000 years ago—from Shum Laka (Cameroon), one of the earliest known archaeological sites within the probable homeland of the Bantu language group1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. One individual carried the deeply divergent Y chromosome haplogroup A00, which today is found almost exclusively in the same region12,13. However, the genome-wide ancestry profiles of all four individuals are most similar to those of present-day hunter-gatherers from western Central Africa, which implies that populations in western Cameroon today—as well as speakers of Bantu languages from across the continent—are ***not ***descended substantially from the population represented by these four people. We infer an Africa-wide phylogeny that features widespread admixture and three prominent radiations, including one that gave rise to at least four major lineages deep in the history of modern humans.

[kel]

translate please

[djoser-xyyman]

====
1. This is one of the first and oldest aDNA from West Africa. We have been waiting on this awhile.
2. We have to be careful of what is concluded because my man Reich, Paabo's butt buddy led behind the scenes
3. The all aDNA of these people were basically Twa/AKA pygmy related. This means the Modern "Bantu" West African a was NOT present West Africa prior this population. Bantus are new to West Africa meaning there was no Bantu Expansion from Cameroon area.
4. A00 is very old meaning this was an ancient population.


I will do a deep dive on the paper and give my synopsis.

[djoser-xyyman]

from top of this page. Again...

[ramciel]

First post here, please excuse me if the format isnt right but reading this I wanted to share some excerpts from this book West African Masking Traditions and Diaspora Masquerade Carnivals by Raphael Chijioke Njoku (2020).
This is from the 3rd chapter, Bantu Migrations and Cultural Transnationalism in the Ancient Global Age, c. 2500 BCE–1400 CE:

"The Language Evidence

However, there are conflicting arguments as to whether the Niger-Congo family includes a subfamily called Benue-Congo.[23] The Benue-Congo, as postulated by German linguist Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek (1827–1875) in 1862, are mostly identifed as part of a common source in which, for example, the singular word ntu means “person,” and its plural usage with the prefx Ba as in BaKongo or Baganda, means “persons” or “people.”[24] A few examples of words and languages identified as part of the Bantu subdivision with similar or approximate syntax and words for “people” or “person” includes watu as in Swahili or Kiswahili, and vantu as in Shona language found in South Africa.

Early on, the Portuguese had, in the course of their initial contacts with the Africans beginning in the late fifteenth century, noticed this shared linguistic heritage among different ethnicities. But it was Martin Alfonso (1500–1564), as recorded in the Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, who began to examine the unique syntax of the Bantu while residing for some time in the ancient Kingdom of Kongo.[25] From this initial inquiry would develop the frst publication of a few grammars in an African language. Later studies led to the idea of an African family of languages named the “Niger-Congo” by Joseph Greenberg in 1947.

By the late 1800s, the curiosity of Europeans about African languages had expanded to include the languages spoken in the areas stretching from the old Kingdom of Kongo (modern Angola and some parts of Namibia) to the central, eastern, and southern parts of Africa including Mozambique in the southeastern part. The logical thought emerged that there must be an explanation as to why these speakers share certain words in common.

While it is uncertain how many African languages belong to the original Bantu and its outliers, studies by Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston (1858–1927), Malcolm Guthrie, and others have identified scores of languages they think belong to the original Bantu and semi-Bantu family groups.[27]

To proceed, it is crucial to note that there is at best skeletal evidence to help put all the pieces of the language puzzle together. This illuminates several lacunae surrounding Bantu studies. The linguistic evidence around which the bulk of Bantu migration history is built is prone to serious errors. For instance, in regard to the Igbo, the idiom madu bu ntụ (“We are nothing but ash”) is a common saying among the people, which the initial classiffication of African languages by Johnston, Malcolm Guthrie, and others did not take into proper account; hence the Igbo language was erroneously excluded from the Bantu subgroup and rather placed in the Kwa subgroup of the Niger-Congo family. It is also curious that the word Njọku or Ahịajọku connected with farming and agricultural festivals in Igboland of southeastern Nigeria is also found among the Mbere of the Embu District of Kenya dominated by the Kikuyu, a Bantu group.[29] Yet, Guthrie and others separated the Igbo and the Kikuyu in their classifcations of African languages. Discussions with the Kikuyus of Kenya have also led to the questions whether the Igbo word for “child,” nwá, has a connection to the Tsonga and Venda word nwáná, which also means “child.” In Igbo, nwáná means literally “father’s child,” while the Zulu word for child is (um)twáná, literally “little person.” The use of the prefx umu as in umu-ntu (human beings) in Zulu is akin to the use of Igbo umu mmádu (human beings). Add this to the Igbo word ọkukọ (chicken), which is equivalent to the Bantu word nkukhu (chicken) and ngunku in Kikuyu, and one is left without doubt that these similarities are not just mere coincidences.

Further, it is neither clear why the Pigmies included as Bantu-speakers appear so physically different from their other Bantu neighbors, nor why the Igbo-speakers who share very close language and cultural characteristics with their Ibibio, Èfik, Èkọi, and Ijọ neighbors are classiffied separately in most of the Bantu language studies.[31]

Joseph Greenberg warns, with the hindsight from his study on the influence of Kanuri on Hausa, that there are several “limitations of one particular type of historical influences that can be drawn from language, namely the study of words borrowed from one language into another.”[32] More daunting is the length of time dating the beginning of the first Bantu population movements and, given the paucity of sources on African prehistory, what is known about the Bantu migrations is replete with some glaring factual disjunctures and inconsistencies.

The eminent Igbo historian Adiele E. Afigbo has made a similar point. Among other things, of particular interest in Afigbo’s study is the observation that some Igbo communities such as “the Ezza, Izzi, and the Ikwo have been treated [in the previous studies] as a language different from Igbo” [sic].[34] The renowned Ijọ Niger Delta historian E. J. Alagoa has further observed that Greenberg’s classifications with regard to the Benue-Congo and Kwa subfamilies were seriously flawed.[35]

Addressing this issue, Vansina highlights the complexities of internal relations in the Benue-Cross/Lower Niger, which poses a problem as to what precisely the term Bantu is.

Grollemuna and coauthors captured the imperative of the present study in relation to the Bantu migrations when they stated that “humans are uniquely capable of using cultural innovations to occupy a range of environments, raising the intriguing question of whether historical human migrations have followed familiar habitats or moved relatively independently of them.”[39] This highlights a couple of the basic flaws inherent in the earlier culture diffusion discourse—namely, the arbitrary demarcation of culture areas including language families and daughter-tongues. The other is the wrong notion that diffusion of culture traits—whether we are talking about agriculture, language,or masquerades—flows freely from one area to the other. These ideas do not properly take into consideration the symbiotic relationships among cultures in a common geographical zone. "





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23 Benjamin, Atlantic World.

24 Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos.

25 Just to mention a few of these opposing views, see Perry, Landscape Transformations particularly, 22–24; and Russell, Silva, and Steele, “Modelling the Spread of

Farming,” 1–9.

27 Bracketed explanations of the four key concepts are mine. Courgeau, Bijak, Franck, Silverman, “Model-Based Demography,” in Agent-Based Modelling, eds. Grow and Bavel, 29–51.

29 In the United States today, we are seeing the struggle between English and Spanish; in the United Kingdom, the wrestling match between English and Irish continues; and in Belgium, the Flemish and French languages often clash.

31 Battuta, Ibn Batoutah; Álvares, Ethiopia Minor; Barbot, “Voyage to New Calabar Rivers”; Falconbridge, Two Voyages to Sierra Leone; Oldendorp, History of the Missions

32 Sloane, Voyage to the Islands; Long, History of Jamaica; Barclay, Voyages and Travels of James Barclay; Lewis, Journal of the West Indian Proprietor; Scott, Tom Cringle’s Log; Belisario, Koo or Actor Boy; Tuckerman, Letter Respecting Santa Cruz; Gurney, Winter in the West Indies; Day, Five Years

34 See Nicholls, Old-Time Masquerading; Diptee, “A Great Many Boys and Girls,” in Igbo in the Atlantic World, eds. Falola and Njoku, 112–22; and Chambers, Murder at Montpelier.

35 Fyfe, Aicanus Horton 1835–1883. See also Nwauwa, “Far Ahead of His Time,” 107–21.

37 For a similar idea, see the impressive study by Jackson and Mosadomi, “Cultural Continuities,” in Falola and Genova, Orisa, 143–45. Interestingly, there also is a secret society called “Egungu” (without the second “n”) among the Osomari Igbo community. See Nzimiro, Studies in Ibo Political Systems, 81.

39 Echeruo, “Dramatic Limits of Igbo,” in Drama and Theater in Nigeria, ed. Ogunbiyi, 147.

[anansi]

Hi Ramciel I hope someone will come along to answer your query,it is simply not my area of studies.
Al~takruri and Zarahan is smart in this area, don't know what happened to Xyyman.