Slave Voyages Database. - Zoutseeg Three Slaves

[djoser-xyyman]

I came across this website while researching DNA Analysis of the Zoutseeg Three slaves in the Caribbean Island of St Martin. Full genome analysis of the three was performed recently by Hanne Schroeder et al. Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean. This may be interesting to those people who are into deep research along those line. Just think…One of your great.xx.great grandparents was on one of those ships in the database. You will know where he or she landed.

DATABASE –www.slavevoyages.org(click)




Anyways, here is the genetic break down of the . Zoutseeg Three Slaves

Bottom-line. These slaves were not typical Bantus. So what haven’t they told us?

[djoser-xyyman]

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Genome-wide ancestry of 17th-century enslaved Africans from the Caribbean - Hannes Schroedera,b,1,2, María C – FEB2015


of three enslaved Africans whose remains were recovered in the Zoutsteeg area of Philipsburg on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin (Materials and Methods). Previous reports (6) suggest that the “Zoutsteeg Three,” as they became known locally, were likely born in Africa as opposed to the New World. But they did not reveal where in Africa they originated. Bayesian analysis of individual calibrated radiocarbon dates suggests that the burials date between A.D. 1660 and


Divergence time of the STM1 Y-chromosome lineage

Upon merging STM1 data with related modern Y-chromosome sequences, we estimated a splittime of roughly 8500 years between the STM1 lineage and the CLOSEST FULLY SEQUENCED Y CHROMOSOMES currently in the literature, a cluster of eleven R1b1c3-V35 sequences reported in a sample of 1204 Sardinians (42). To do so, we estimated the length of time between the STM1- lineage divergence and the emergence of R1b, and then we compared this interval to the age of R1b (Fig. S17).


Francalacci et al. (42) report a cluster of 29 R1b1c-V88 lineages from Sardinia. Though the terminal branch lengths from this study must be viewed with caution due the low-pass sequencing approach, the internal branches had high effective coverage due to the superposition of multiple sequences. …….). Consequently, approximately 103.1 (30 + 51 + 22.1) SNPs accumulated between the emergence of R1b and the time when the STM1 lineage diverged from R1b1c3-V35. Because this study was based on 8.97 Mb of sequence, whereas that of Underhill et al. (37) analyzed 10.35 Mb, we must scale the mutation period by a factor of 1.154. Thus, we estimate that this interval corresponds to 14.5 ky (103.1 SNPs ・ 1.154 ・ 122 years/SNP). Consequently, we conclude that it was approximately 8.5 kya that the Y-chromosome lineage carried by STM1 diverged from that carried by the 11 Sardinians.


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[djoser-xyyman]

This was referenced in the study------


Francalacci P et al. (2013) Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Ychromosome phylogeny

They are speculating that nRY HG-A (A1b1b2b)has clades specific to Sardinia. In addition the ancient African line E1a!!!

In the Schroeder et al (Caribbean Slaves)y, do you understand the chart Fig S15? Do you see the timeline for R1b1c-V88 compared to R1b1c-V88* and R1b1c-V35 and R1b1a-M269-S116-Z2105? Do you know ALL the R1b clade found IN Africa is upstream and that puts migration late Paleolithic and NOT part of the Neolithic package.

Quote: The first bifurcation separates the mostly sub-Saharan haplogroup A (7 individuals, 0.6% in our sample) from the others. Haplogroup E (132, 11.0%) is present with its European clade, characterized by the presence of the M35 marker, together with a small number of individuals belonging to the mainly African clade E1a. The rare haplogroup F (7, 0.6%) is related to haplogroup G (131, 10.9%), which shows a private Sardinian-Corsican clade whose ancient roots have been found in an Eneolithic sample from the Italian Alps (9)

[djoser-xyyman]

In the present study, we used genome-wide data to trace the origins of three enslaved Africans whose remains were recovered in the Zoutsteeg area of Philipsburg on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin (Materials and Methods). Previous reports (6) suggest that the “Zoutsteeg Three,” as they became known locally, were likely born in Africa as opposed to the New World. But they did not reveal where in Africa they originated.




Principal Component Analysis.. We then combined the three analyses using Procrustes transformation, as done in ref. 13. Interestingly, the samples clustered with different populations: Bantu-speaking groups in the case of STM1 (specifically, Bamoun) and non-Bantu–speaking groups for STM2 and STM3 (Fig. 1C).


Uniparental Markers
Furthermore, we determined the individuals’ mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and the Y-chromosome haplogroup of STM1 (SI Appendix, Section 11). The mtDNAs were assigned to haplogroups L3b1a, L3d1b2, and L2a1f, respectively. Tracing these lineages to particular regions in Africa is challenging because of their pan-continental distribution, which is the result of thousands of years of population movements (e.g., the Bantu migrations) and continued gene flow (20–22). Nevertheless, we note that haplogroup L3b1a is one of the most common lineages found in the Lake Chad Basin (23). This finding is noteworthy, because the Y-chromosome lineage of this individual (STM1) was identified as belonging to haplogroup R1b1c-V88, which—although quite rare in Africa on the whole—occurs at extremely high frequency in the Lake Chad Basin, rising to 95% in one population of northern Cameroon (24).

[djoser-xyyman]

Interestingly they did not state the Uniparental male marker for the second male.

The other interesting thing is, the STM1 cluster autosomally with Bantus but carry a “ Eurasian” HG lineage. STM2 and STM3 cluster autosomally with non-Bantu even “Eurasian”/Sudanic but the male line was not disclosed.

[djoser-xyyman]

1 Samples and archeological context
Construction work in the Zoutsteeg area of Philipsburg on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin in March 2010 revealed three articulated human skeletons. The remains were found at a depth of ca. 140-160 cm in a layer of fine loose beach sand. The layer above the burials contained several modern, 18th- and 19th-century artifacts including ceramics, red brick fragments and two unidentified iron fragments. The layer with the burials contained several other artifacts, including several pieces of late 17th-century ceramics (slipware, porcelain, salt-glaze stoneware, lead-glaze earthenware and coarse earthenware) and several glass bottle fragments including two square bottle bases with rough pontil scars (Fig. S1).

In addition, two modified green stones and an almost intact conch shell were found in association with the second skeleton. Whether or not these artifacts were deliberately placed in the graves is difficult to say. However, it should be noted that pottery shards, glass bottle fragments and other seemingly insignificant objects were a common feature of African-American burial traditions, as were conch shells, especially in the Caribbean (1, 2). Age, sex and ancestry estimates were made using standard osteological criteria, including cranial and pelvic morphology, dental eruption and wear, cranial suture and epiphyseal closure, and overall robusticity (3, 4). The remains belonged to three adults of probable African ancestry, aged between 25 and 40 years at the time of death. The first skeleton (STM1) belonged to a 25-30 year-old probable male. The skeleton was relatively well preserved with over 40% of the bones present, some of which showed clear signs of treponemal infection. Skeleton number two (STM2) belonged to an older male who would have been approximately 35-40 years old at the time of death. The skeleton was nearly complete with over 80% of the bones preserved.

The skull, however, was only partially preserved, and large parts of the right side of the skull were missing. The size of the long bones suggests that this individual had been a very tall person, with a calculated stature of about 190 cm. The third skeleton (STM3) belonged to that of a female who died when she was 30-35 years of age. Her skeleton was also relatively well preserved with over 60% of the bones present. Unfortunately, however, the mandible was missing. The most striking feature of the skeletons was that their teeth had been intentionally modified. In case of STM1, the occlusal edge of the two central upper incisors had been filed down horizontally, save for the distal extremities, which had been left and cut vertically (Fig. S2). The lateral upper incisors had also been filed on the distal side, creating a pointed shape

[djoser-xyyman]

We formulated the haplogroup classification question as a decision tree and observed (Fig. S13): (i) exclusively ancestral alleles within paraphyletic “A” (haplogroups A00, A0, A1a, and A1b1), as well as in haplogroups B, E, J, and T; (ii) exclusively derived alleles along the path leading to R1b, which includes A0–T, A1, A1b, BT, CT, CF, F, HIJK, IJK, K(xLT), P, R, R1, and R1b. Within R1b, the STM1 lineage was ANCESTRAL FOR ALL R1b1a-M269 SNPs and derived for 4 of the 5 R1b1c-V88 SNPs for which sequencing data were available

[djoser-xyyman]

We formulated the haplogroup classification question as a decision tree and observed (Fig. S13): (i) exclusively ancestral alleles within paraphyletic “A” (haplogroups A00, A0, A1a, and A1b1), as well as in haplogroups B, E, J, and T; (ii) exclusively derived alleles along the path leading to R1b, which includes A0–T, A1, A1b, BT, CT, CF, F, HIJK, IJK, K(xLT), P, R, R1, and R1b. Within R1b, the STM1 lineage was ANCESTRAL FOR ALL R1b1a-M269 SNPs and derived for 4 of the 5 R1b1c-V88 SNPs for which sequencing data were available


Downstream of R1b1c-V88, there are TWO main subgroups in (42). A cluster of 18 individuals represents a lineage we refer to as “R1b1c-V88*,” and the remaining 11 represent R1b1c3-V35, which ISOGG currently labels “R1b1c2.” We observed 7 ancestral alleles amongst 7 R1b1c- V88* sites for which STM1 had data, and we observed 5 derived and 9 ancestral alleles on the R1b1c3-V35 branch. Upon diverging 5/14 of the way down this branch, the STM1 lineage parts company with fully-sequenced Y chromosomes of the current literature. No sequencing data were available for the V35 mutation, but this SNP most likely arose subsequent to the split, as Cruciani et al. (75) observed it just twice in a survey of 5326 Y chromosomes that included more than 1800 individuals from 69 African populations, and both carriers were Italian. This leaves two other known subgroups of R1b1c-V88, those defined by V69 and those that carry the two-base insertion, M18. Unfortunately, no sequencing data were available at either site. Because M18 was only observed in a single Corsican and V69 was present in about one third of the Central African R-V88 lineages, we suggest that STM1 most likely claims affinity to either R-V69 or to another, as yet uncharacterized, branch of the R-V88 subtree

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XYYMAN Comments: So they are not sure where STM1 fits on the R-V88 tree. “European” side or African side. Nevertheless, looking at Italian/Sardinia genetic profile all leads to “continuous African migration”. Male hg-A is found in Sardinia, isolated Italian villager carry old African clades such E1b1 and A. A clear picture is emerging