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Post by djoser-xyyman on May 30, 2018 14:06:51 GMT -5
-------------- Genetic structure of the population of Cabo Verde (west Africa): evidence of substantial European admixture. Parra EJ1, Ribeiro JC, Caeiro JL, Riveiro A. Author information Abstract The population of Cabo Verde was founded in the fifteenth century (1462), on the basis of slaves brought from the West African coast and a few Europeans, mainly from Portugal. The polymorphism of six red cell enzymes (ADA, AK1, ALAD, ESD, GLO1, and PGD) and ten plasma proteins (AHSG, BF, F13A, F13B, GC, HP, ORM, PLG, TBG, and TF) was studied in a sample of 268 individuals from Cabo Verde (West Africa). There is no statistical evidence of genetic heterogeneity between the two groups of islands which constitute the archipelago, Barlavento and Sotavento. The gene frequency distribution observed in Cabo Verde differs, in many markers, from that of West African populations, suggesting an important European influence. The proportion of Caucasian genes in the population of Cabo Verde has been calculated to be M = 0.3634 +/- 0.0510, and the considerable dispersion of the locus-specific admixture estimates seems to indicate random drift has also played a role in the evolution of the allele frequencies in the archipelago. Partition of the variance of the mean estimate in evolutionary and sampling variance shows the evolutionary variance is more than ten times higher than the sampling variance. When dendrograms are constructed on the basis of different genetic distances, the population of Cabo Verde clusters with Afro-Americans, forming a different group from the populations of the African continent. This is interpreted as a consequence of the importance of Caucasian admixture both in Afro-Americans and in the population of Cabo Verde. ---------------
Comment by xyyman: But AFRAMS carry E1b1a at exceptional high frequency...like mainland West African. So Admixture is due to modern Europeans. Cape Verdeans do NOT Carry typical West African male lineage.
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Distribution of HLA alleles in Portugal and Cabo Verde. Relationships with the slave trade route. Spínola H1, Brehm A, Williams F, Jesus J, Middleton D. Author information Abstract HLA-A, -B, and -DR frequencies were analysed in populations from Portugal and the Madeira and Cabo Verde Archipelagos, aiming to characterize their genetic composition. Portuguese settlers colonized both Archipelagos in the 15th and 16th centuries. Madeira received many sub-Saharan slaves to work in the sugar plantations, and Cabo Verde served as a pivotal market in the Atlantic slave trade and was populated by individuals coming from the Senegambia region of the West African coast. The population of Madeira shows the highest genetic diversity and the presence of alleles and haplotypes usually linked to sub-Saharan populations, the haplotypes accounting for 3.5% of the total. Cabo Verde presents typical markers acknowledged to be of European or Ibero-Mediterranean origin, thus revealing the admixture of European settlers with Sub-Saharan slaves. Altogether the number of European haplotypes reaches 15% of the total. The Portuguese population shows a perceivable and significant heterogeneity both in allele and haplotype frequencies, unveiling a differential input of peoples from different origins. A PCA of the populations studied, plus other relevant ones, clearly shows gene heterogeneity in mainland Portugal as well as the differences and relationships between these populations and Madeira and Cabo Verde.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 21, 2018 9:09:50 GMT -5
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Post by kel on Jun 21, 2018 9:41:18 GMT -5
so, what do you believe is the real story of the peopling of the Cape Verdes ?
an indigenous population that was not "typical" West African and then later "tyical" West African and Portguese came along.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 21, 2018 12:16:56 GMT -5
Cape Verde and Azores and Soa Tome Principe and Canaries have an unusual high frequency of African mt DNA L Attributed to slavery 1500-1800’s. But the holistic DNA Cape Verde shows they are NOT typical West Africans. In fact based upon uniparental markers they are more “North African/European” than modern West Africans. Also, their phenotype is reminiscent of Cheddar Man and La Brana. Dark skin with light eyes with curly hair. We know that “European” uniparental markers were in the Canaries over a 1000years BEFORE the so called invasion of the Canaries by the Spanish through aDNA. My thinking is all the archipelagoes of Africa was occupied by Iwo Eleru/Cheddar Man type peoples all the way up to the British Isle. Britain has their own unique version of mtDNA L1b.
If we can get our hands on the DNA database of modern Cape Verdeans the analytical result may be startling. Capra/Afrocurios claims the R1b found in Cape Verde is from Portuguese sailors doing the nasty with the sistas. But I believe the R1b is R1b-V88 which is African. No one has ever done a deep analysis of the R1b found in Cape Verde males. That is the only way to confirm. I am surprised it hasn’t been done. But Sage and Elmaestro …and soon others are already doing their own analysis. Soon we will not need Europeans to tell the story of Africa….modern and ancient.
So anyone has a link to the BAM files or database for Cape Verde population?
The evidence point to Cape Verde being a remnant population of Cheddar man/La Brana type people.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 21, 2018 13:20:43 GMT -5
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 21, 2018 13:49:54 GMT -5
Genetic Differentiation of the Cabo Verde Archipelago Population Analysed by STR Polymorphisms A. T. Fernandesa, R
Quote: “(Brehm et al. 2002) as well as at the HLA level (Sp´ınolaet al. 2002). Dios et al. (1998) presented a study on 4STRs from autochthonous but randomly selected Cabo Verdeans, but found no sign of within population dif-ferentiation. The differences found in mtDNA between the two main groups of islands prompted us to perform a study using a new methodological approach in order to see if, on the basis of STR polymorphisms, the Cabo Verde population was also sub-structured. In the present study we use recently published data on the STR com-position of Guin´e-Bissau, a West African country and the region of putative origin of the slaves that were in-troduced to Cabo Verde following its discovery. Strong differences between the population of Cabo Verde and that of Guin´e-Bissau are seen at the autosomal level, us-ing both STRs and HLA data. Moreover, recent findings in the Y-chromosome haplogroup composition in these regions support the conclusion that Cabo Verdeans, al-though being of African origin, show in their gene pool a substantial amount of non-African input.”
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Post by kel on Jun 21, 2018 13:50:28 GMT -5
so why arent they just sahelian africans who where then overun and mixed with west african and poruguese.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 21, 2018 14:55:46 GMT -5
so why arent they just sahelian africans who where then overun and mixed with west african and poruguese. Or they can be indigenous Portuguese who lived there and who were overrun and mixed with West Africans and Sahelians…… The point is we don’t know unless the right analysis is done. The genetic data do NOT match what is “documented”. You can “make up” any story depending on how lively your imagination is…..He! HE!hE! Anyways from the study. Again we have more “unpublished data” being transferred between researchers. The point is sub-Saharan components of Cape Verde is NOT of Guinea origin as what is “documented in the history books”. The genetic profile of Cape Verde is North-South cline with some ancient admixture added in. This is consistent with Cape Verde may be being geographically a part of the Canary and Azores Island. And we have more lies being exposed from previous studies. Europeans can’t help themselves. ------------------------------- Quote: Interestingly, the previous report on the distribution of 4 STRs in Cabo Verde (TH01, VWA TPO, and CYP19, Dios et al. 1998) failed to detect any geographical differentiation within the archipelago. Clearly there are significant differences between the two groups at several loci (Table 2 among populations within groups (data not shown). Table 2 shows the results from pairwise genotypic differentiation tests between CVN and CVS with other populations, including mainland Portugal (PC, PN), Madeira (MA) and the Azores (AZ) archipelagos, as well as a Caucasian (UC) and three African populations: one from US Afro-Americans (UA) and the others from Guin´e-Bissau (GU) and Mozambique (MO). CVN and CVS showed remarkable differences with UA, MO and GU. Interestingly, the previous report on the distribution of 4 STRs in Cabo Verde (TH01, VWA TPO, and CYP19, Dios et al. 1998) failed to detect any geographical differentiation within the archipelago. Thus, our data agrees with the findings from mtDNA, in that the CVN population probably represents a sub-set of the CVS poolfrom where it may have originated. If, on the basis of their mtDNA content, Cabo Verde is a typically African population with almost null European input, the same is not true for autosomal and Y markers. A recent study with HLA markers found a much larger percentage of alleles uncommon in Africa but present at high frequencies in Caucasian populations in the Cabo Verde population (Sp´ınola et al. 2002). Even more striking are the findings for the Y chromosome. We are presently typing Y binary loci in several European and sub-Saharan populations including Cabo Verde. The percentage of typical sub-Saharan Ys [E3a according to the Y Chromosome Consortium (2002)] is 21.1% in CVS but only 8.7% in CVN. Inversely, the percentage of European Ys (haplogroups E∗ , E1 and E2) accounts for 30.4% in CVN but only 19.8% in CVS. The latter haplogroups are present in Guineans at a mere 16% (Rosa, unpublished data).The fucgkers did not show us the values. So we can do our own analysis. God damn!!!!! SMH
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 21, 2018 15:34:23 GMT -5
link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00414-016-1431-3Study of genetic markers of CODIS and ESS systems in a population of individuals from Cabo Verde living in Lisboa Abstract Twenty-two autosomal short tandem repeats included in the PowerPlex® Fusion System Amplification kit (Promega Corporation) were genotyped in a population sample of 500 unrelated individuals from Cabo Verde living in Lisboa. Allelic frequency data and forensic and statistical parameters were calculated and evaluated in this work. The genetic relationship among immigrant population from Cabo Verde living in Lisboa and other populations, such as Brazilian and Angola immigrants living in Lisboa; Afro-Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics and Asians living in the USA and the population from Lisboa was assessed, and a multidimensional scaling plot was drown to show these results. Keywords STR Population genetics Cabo Verde Lisboa Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00414-016-1431-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Supplementary material 414_2016_1431_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx (19 kb) ESM. 1 Supplementary material table S1. (XLSX 18 kb) 414_2016_1431_MOESM2_ESM.xls (24 kb) ESM. 2 Supplementary material table S2. (XLS 23 kb)
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Post by kel on Jun 21, 2018 16:36:16 GMT -5
So "official" history says that the islands were uninhabited and then populated by Guinea West Africans and Portuguese and that Cape Verdeans are the result of Portuguese men and West African women.
the DNA is showing that there was an older different population in the mix.............
so the idea that the islands were uninhabited was probably a lie. (why the lie -what is at stake ??)
the original inhabitants where probably the Guanche type folks of the Canaries and Azores ?...?
so they are a triracial people like latin america: natives, africans, portuguese.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 28, 2018 14:46:21 GMT -5
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