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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 28, 2019 6:54:37 GMT -5
Origins, admixture dynamics and homogenization of the African gene pool in the Americas - Mateus H. Gouveia1, Abstract The Transatlantic Slave Trade transported more than 9 million Africans to the Americas between the early 16th and the mid-19th centuries. We performed genome-wide analysis of 6,267 individuals from 22 populations and observed an enrichment in West African ancestry in northern latitudes of the Americas, whereas South/East African ancestry is more prevalent in southern South-America. This pattern results from distinct geographic and geopolitical factors leading to population differentiation. However, we observed a decrease of 68% in the African gene pool between-population diversity within the Americas when compared to the regions of origin from Africa, underscoring the importance of historical factors favoring admixture between individuals with different African origins in the New World. This is consistent with the excess of West Central Africa ancestry (the most prevalent in the Americas) in the US and Southeast Brazil, respect to historical-demography expectations. Also, in most of the Americas, admixture intensification occurred between 1,750 and 1,850, which correlates strongly with the peak of arrivals from Africa. This study contributes with a population genetics perspective to the ongoing social, cultural and political debate regarding ancestry, race, and admixture in the Americas. ---- xyyman-comments Key word here is PATTERN. Why would South Africa ancestry be more prevalent in South America? Is the pattern consstent with chattle slavery or more consistent with pre-Colombian migration on connection. I wish these Europeans wll be more honest and be truly objective in their research.
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Jun 28, 2019 8:45:16 GMT -5
You need to sit in on a course or get you some books on African's ethnology.
Kinda outdated but Murdock is comprehensive.
Meanwhile stop spreading your disinformative lies about African peoples.
• Herero • Mbukushu • Tswana are NOT either San or Khoe.
You are making blacks look stupid by simply looking at a map and assuming since the hi-lited country is in the south the sample set must be 'Khoe-San', another Euro misnomer.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 28, 2019 13:24:08 GMT -5
My bad. You are right. Southern Africans is assumed to be Khoe_san...my "European thinking". Nevertheless. I don't recollect Herero, Mbukushu Tswana being transported to the Americas ...further...South America. That is my point.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jun 28, 2019 14:03:19 GMT -5
Researching Mbukushu people per the Sage. This reminds me of Ancient Egypt lovenaturalsunshine.tumblr.com/post/27421003326/wait-so-we-wore-wigs-in-africa-the-africanThe description read: “Mbukushu people. Botswana or Namibia. Woman’s headdress. In the past Mbukushu women wore beautiful wigs that were fixed into their hair with braids. For years, mothers would prepare young girls to wear the heavy headdresses by oiling their hair and braiding it with beads & other accessories.” The first thing I thought was: Wait! So we wore wigs in Africa?! Apparently yes… and beautiful, traditional wigs at that.
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Jun 28, 2019 14:11:37 GMT -5
My bad. You are right. Southern Africans is assumed to be Khoe_san...my "European thinking". Nevertheless. I don't recollect Herero, Mbukushu Tswana being transported to the Americas ...further...South America. That is my point. Mensa-mind It's not about ME being right or wrong It's about an authentic Africana as Diop might've put it. Point taken. I don't know, but looks to me like YELLOW is eastern/southern Africa. Didn't Portuguese transport unwilling Moçambiques and Madagascans to South America? Anyway, I salute you and others who are on the quest to uncover African presence (other than Mali Empire) in the Americas before the 16th century. Carry on sir! You may yet discover definitive DNA evidence in support.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 4, 2020 21:17:46 GMT -5
Some of you asked me about my thoughts on African presence in the Americas prior to "Columbus". Well I told them I am on the fence but when I read paper like this I am slowly coming off that fence and choosing a side. The genetic makeup of Afro-Brazilian on the East coast of South America is more consistent with Cape Verde. The popular belief if that Cape Verde black genetic makeup is sub-saharan African, But it is not. The African makeup of Cape Verde is NORTH AFRICAN, Reading this paper and looking at the results I am floored, BRazilians are very similar to Cape Verde which is directly across from Brazil on the West African Atlantic. The same people existed on both sides of the Atlantic. Was there slavery? were Africans already in the Americas prior to supposed Columbus? Why do I believe this? The Brazilians are North Africans NOT Subsaharan West Africans. WOW!!!!! The genetic makeup of the Afro Brazilians are similar to Cape Verde which is North African. Don't believe everything you read in those "history" books. New insights on intercontinental origins of paternal lineages in Northeast Brazil Ana Paula Schaan, Results Primary multiplex results allowed the identification of six major haplogroups, four of which were screened for downstream SNPs and enabled the observation of 19 additional lineages. Results reveal a majority of Western European haplogroups, among which R1b-S116* was the most common (63.9%), corroborating historical records of colonizations by Iberian populations. Nonetheless, FST genetic distances show similarities between Northeast Brazil and several other European populations, indicating multiple origins of settlers. Regarding Native American ancestry, our findings confirm a strong sexual bias against such haplogroups, which represented only 2.5% of individuals, highly contrasting previous results for maternal lineages. Furthermore, we document the presence of several Middle Eastern and African haplogroups, supporting a complex historical formation of this population and highlighting its uniqueness among other Brazilian regions. Sub-lineages of E-P170 haplogroup A set of 13 downstream SNPs was chosen for increased resolution of 30 samples carrying the E-P170 marker. The importance of determining the ancestral origin of E haplogroup sub-lineages relies in the multiple colonization processes that took place in Northeast Brazil, which not only included the forced migration of many Sub-Saharan African groups, but also included subsequent North African and Middle Eastern immigrants (3). Multiplex E results show that all samples belonged to subclades of the P2 marker, E-M35 and E-M2. The former, observed in 53.3% of these individuals, included E1b1b-M35*, E1b1b-M81, E1b1b-M78, and E1b1b-M123. From the latter, E1b1a-M2*, E1b1a-M191, and E1b1a-M154 represented 46.7% of samples. ===================== xyyman comment - What is also interesting is contemporary colombian Puerto Ricans(aDNA), in the Atlantic Ocean, also carry North African DNA. It seems like there more North Africans DNA in the Americas than West African DNA, This is odd aDNA from Puerto Rico and Canary Islands are very similar to modern North Africans and Cape Verdeans and Burkina Faso Guinea Bissau
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Post by anansi on Feb 5, 2020 5:58:27 GMT -5
Xyyman said
While I don't think you should believe everything spoon fed to you, a multi disciplinary approach is your best bet. Yes Cape Verde islanders are represented as well as mainland North West Africans , but culturally as well as quasi linguistically, they tend to be overwhelmingly of South of the desert Africans, let's not forget the Portuguese actually colonized Cape Verde from an early time, but trafficking was heavy in places like Benin Angola and the Kingdom of the Kongo. Ain't no Africans North of the desert or even North of the Savannah country gonna sing praises to Shango and Yamaja.
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Feb 5, 2020 11:12:22 GMT -5
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 5, 2020 12:47:50 GMT -5
The point is the DNA evidence of Cape Verde is NOT consistent with smuggling of lower West Africans. The yDNA is consistent with these people being North Africans. Similarly the ancient Canary Islanders carry the same genetic composition. 15-16th Century Puerto Ricans DNA is consistent with Canary Islanders. Now we have Brazalians NOT being consistent with West African slaves but more in line with Ancient Canary Islanders. If the Researchers do the right thing like high resolution analysis of the yDNA. This can be resolved. But they haven't.
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Feb 5, 2020 13:02:56 GMT -5
Yes, OK. Not news to me anyway.
For heaven's sake look at a map. Cabo Verde is the same level as the Lower Senegal river. Who do we find there of old? Wolof Fula Maurs Of course there's N Afr ancestry there.
Another fact, Cabo Verde sugar plantations were N Afr Jew operations. Just like in the Caribbean, Cabo Verde was also a 'seasoning' depot. W Indies sent 'seasoned' Africans on to N Amer, Cabo Verde to the w hemi.
Myopia is a shut in view called tunnel vision. Incorporate multi-disciplinary methodology
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Post by kel on Feb 5, 2020 17:51:24 GMT -5
Yes....but is that true ?? Perhaps the entire standard narrative has to be rethought as evidence piles up.
What are the specifics of this NAfr DNA ?
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 5, 2020 18:40:31 GMT -5
No only is there North African ancestry, the MAJORITY of African ancestry IS North African. The same genetic make up is seen in ancient Canary Islanders, ancient Puerto Rico(16th century), modern Brazil and modern Cape Verde.
Let's break this down, putting aside the European "documents" that was read. The FACTS first. ....as presented by science. THe genetic data of Cape Verde is NOT consistent what is written in these European history books. Shriver et al. He was clear. The phenotypic make up of Cape Verde is NOT consistent from Admixture from colonial Portuguese. That means the "history books" you read are filled with lies.
So the followup question is ............tic toc.
Who and when, yes, who and when, was Cape Verde occupied? When did these Africans(North) ancestry enter Cape Verde. YOU THINK JEWS were expelled to CApe VErde bringing these genetic material. BUt why would Brazilians carry these same North African ancestry. After all, we were "edumicated" that Africans slaves were brought from Angola and Mozambique to populate Brazil. The genetics do NOT support that "edumication"...lol!
RETHINK EVERYTHING! RELEARN EVERYTHING!
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 5, 2020 18:42:25 GMT -5
Considered North African... quote: "Multiplex E results show that all samples belonged to subclades of the P2 marker, E-M35 and E-M2. The former, observed in 53.3% of these individuals, included E1b1b-M35*, E1b1b-M81, E1b1b-M78, and E1b1b-M123." Read more: egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/2995/pre-columbian-africans?page=1#ixzz6D7suObphYes....but is that true ?? Perhaps the entire standard narrative has to be rethought as evidence piles up. What are the specifics of this NAfr DNA ?
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 5, 2020 19:04:32 GMT -5
Here is more...from a prior thread
====
Dissecting the genetic history of São Tomé e Príncipe: a new window from Y-chromosome biallelic markers. Trovoada MJ1, Tavares L, Gusmão L, Alves C, Abade A, Amorim A, Prata MJ. Author information Abstract Twenty biallelic Y chromosome markers were analyzed in Angolares, Forros and Tongas, three population groups from the African archipelago of São Tomé e Príncipe. While most male lineages belonged to sub-Saharan haplogroups, the component of European origin added up 23.9% in the archipelago. This contrasts with the reported absence of European mtDNA lineages, and the combined findings testify to a strong sex-biased admixture process during the long-lasting colonial period in São Tomé e Príncipe. Furthermore, the male mediated European component was clearly found to be ***out of proportion**** to the small demographic impact of the Portuguese on the islands, reflecting high variance in the reproductive success of the individuals that contributed to its peopling. The male portion of European ancestry was 33.3% in Forros, 27.3% in Tongas and approximately two-fold less, 14.5%, in Angolares. The Angolares also showed the lowest haplogroup diversity and the most reduced number of different haplogroups. The current results reinforce our previous evidence pointing to remarkable restrictions in gene flow between Angolares and other São Tomean inhabitants, in agreement with their considerable isolation and confinement to the south-eastern tip of São Tomé until recently.
+++++++++++
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Feb 5, 2020 19:07:09 GMT -5
STP is another set of Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coats of West Africa. Here THEY are saying, not me xyyman, that what is documented is a lie.
Genetics science will make liars of what is written in history books!!!!!
So....to those following the discussion. I forgot STP. All these Islands in the Atlantic Ocean of Africa carry lineage that CANNOT be explained by Portuguese Colonialism.
These ISLANDS were OCCUPIED by humans prior to the Portuguese. That is the only reasonable explanation. Now what does that have to do with the OP or thread topic?
Did this occupation stop ON the Atlantic Islands or did it continue on to other Islands clear across the Atlantic to the mainland or the Americas. I find it impossible BUT a big BUT we know prehistoric humans migrated throughout the Pacific and Indian Ocean/Islands so why not the Atlantic Ocean. We will see.
They can easily resolve this issue by deep genetic analysis of yDNA in Soa Tome Principe (STP), Cape Verde, Azores, Canary Islands, Puerto Ricans, Brazilians etc.
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