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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 13:47:28 GMT -5
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 13:57:34 GMT -5
A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula - G. Gonza´lez-Fortes1 and and G. Barbujani Jan2019
Barbujani is one of the few that seems honorable...the first Afrocentric? He is outnumbered but he is fighting on... Props to him. Many has caved like Eva Fernandez(edit). She found %50 SSA in Ancient Iberia
Abstract Being at the western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of Neolithization. A few studies, all based on modern populations, reported the presence of DNA of likely African origin in this region, generally concluding it was the result of recent gene flow, probably during the Islamic period. Here, we provide evidence of much older gene flow from Africa to Iberia by sequencing whole genomes from four human remains from northern Portugal and southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP (from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age). We found one of them to carry an unequivocal sub-Saharan mitogenome of most probably West or West-Central African origin, to our knowledge never reported before in prehistoric remains outside Africa. Our analyses of ancient nuclear genomes show small but significant levels of sub-Saharan African affinity in several ancient Iberian samples, which indicates that what we detected was not an occasional individual phenomenon, but an admixture event recognizable at the population level. We interpret this result as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a western route, possibly across the Strait of Gibraltar.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 14:06:27 GMT -5
I never knew this. And everyone thought I was BSing
quote: "Modern European populations show a southwest-northeast gradient of African diversity with its maximum in Spain [1,2]. It is unclear if this gradient is the consequence of ancient prehistoric contacts or, instead, if it is owing to African migrations into Europe during historical times"
what does the gradient mean? Africans entered Europe FIRST through Iberia and NOT the Levant.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 14:18:05 GMT -5
quote by Guido Barbujani
"Hutu and Tutsi believed they were two different ethnicities… I hate the word ethnicity. I prefer using population. Only two centuries ago, people thought just as there are different breeds of dogs, horses, cats, there were also human breeds. And many human races catalogues were written… some even published by serious scientists. And then others such as The Negro, a Beast, published in 1900 in Saint Louis, U.S.A., which is a real outrage. Do you know the only thing all the race catalogues published by rigorous scientists had in common? They contradicted each other! There is a long history of failure of the concept of race. It is true that if you look at the DNA, differences can be found. But all this diversity represents different parts of a continuum. Talking about race is racist, but it is a mistake to think that mankind is made of very different groups, that you can put each individual in a drawer with a label above: Caucasian, Asian, black… And when we use the term ethnicity, in the heart we are applying the same concept as race; we are referring to a discontinuous diversity and that does not work, it’s neither helpful nor useful for understanding humanity. It is therefore more appropriate to talk about populations."
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 17:59:40 GMT -5
The same genetic pattern is seen as with the Neolithic Technology dating. "modern" African genomes is highest in points in Europe closest to Africa. Like Iberia, Italy and Greece and decrease as you go North in Europe. The evidence is overwhelming.....
quote by Eva Fernandez..
Eva Fernández DomínguezAbstract:
[Eng] The origins of European populations have been addressed from various disciplines, highlighting the contribution of population genetics studies. Shuffle two moments in prehistory in which it has been possible to model the gene pool of European populations: the spread of Neolithic and Upper Paleolithic expansions. The ability to retrieve genetic information from past populations provides a unique opportunity to spot check the hypotheses from other disciplines. We studied 197 dental and bone samples of 115 individuals from 17 archaeological sites and Sumerian Neolithic Near East, Nubia Meroitic era and paleolithic, neolithic and post-Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula. We obtained complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of 244 bp from 35 different individuals were compared with sequences from the same region of current individuals 38 European populations, African and Middle East. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on the distance of Reynolds ancient samples groups are grouped together, away from the extant populations. However, phylogenetic reconstructions made from haplotypes old and new samples illustrates that, although most ancient mitochondrial variants are not present in current populations sampled can relate to more or less closely with them. The composition of haplotypes and haplogroups of ancient samples from Middle East and the Iberian Peninsula differs markedly from that found in the current populations of these geographic regions. In the old sample of middle eastern absence of mitochondrial haplogroups J, U3, W and X, related to the expansion of the Neolithic into Europe. This may be due either to the ancient samples analyzed is not representative-chronologically or geographically-populations that expanded Middle East during the Neolithic well that these variants were not introduced to Europe during the Neolithic. In the old sample of the Iberian Peninsula highlights the presence of a 50% sub-Saharan lines. These lines may have been introduced during the Solutrean, the Mesolithic or Neolithic. This paper also examined several technical aspects of obtaining authentic ancient DNA and the influence of several variables on the preservation of genetic material
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 18:20:04 GMT -5
1.0 Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe. González AM, Brehm A, Pérez JA, Maca-Meyer N, Flores C, Cabrera VM. 1.1.1 Source Departamento de Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. amglez@ull.es 1.1.2 Abstract Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Atlantic European samples has detected significant latitudinal clines for several clusters with Paleolithic (H) and Neolithic (J, U4, U5a1, and U5a1a) coalescence ages in Europe. These gradients may be explained as the result of Neolithic influence on a rather homogeneous Paleolithic background. There is also evidence that some Neolithic clusters reached this border by a continental route (J, J1, J1a, U5a1, and U5a1a), whereas others (J2) did so through the Mediterranean coast. An important gene flow from Africa was detected in the Atlantic Iberia. Specific sub-Saharan lineages appeared mainly restricted to southern Portugal, and could be attributed to historic Black slave trade in the area and to a probable Saharan Neolithic influence. In fact, U6 haplotypes of specific North African origin have only been detected in the Iberian peninsula northwards from central Portugal. Based on this peculiar distribution and the high diversity pi value (0.014 +/- 0.001) in this area compared to North Africa (0.006 +/- 0.001), we reject the proposal that only historic events such as the Moslem occupation are the main cause of this gene flow, and instead propose a pre-Neolithic origin for it. egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/872/sub-saharan-dna-iberia-1000bc
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 18:28:54 GMT -5
%50 SSA lineage was found in ancient Iberia in one study then all of a sudden....nada! No SSA lineage. What's up? Europeans skewing results and falsifying data. Now Barbujani has found more. What gives?
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Post by thereal on Jul 18, 2019 18:36:17 GMT -5
Wow! Interesting stuff in this thread but I have some issues with the quote by Mr.Barbujani as he's implying non European scientists contributed to the race problem and I had to look up ethnicity but the term isn't racial though it can be used to suggest race.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 19:01:02 GMT -5
"non European scientist"?
Here is more from the study.
"Ancient DNA (aDNA) is a powerful resource to reconstruct events in demographic history [8–10]. Studies of prehistoric human remains from Morocco [11,12] and Spain [13] reported genomic evidence of gene flow from Iberia into Late Neolithic Moroccans around 5000 yBP, but none of these works detected admixture in the opposite direction, i.e. from Africa into Iberia. However, all these studies considered a limited number of captured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which may not be powerful enough to detect limited levels of gene flow that happened long ago. Also, these studies used ancient Maghrebians as the potential source of African admixture, and hence may not be a good proxy if the gene flow had a sub-Saharan origin."
wow! This is odd he is implying directly from SSA to Europe. I always assume North Africa as a proxy but Cape Verdeans genetic makeup made me also considered a land bridge from Central West Africa Iberia and the British Isles. Neolithic seemed to first appear in Western Britain.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 19:10:07 GMT -5
wow..nuclear genomes revealed an increased similarity between Middle Neolithic/Chalcolithic (MN/ChL) samples from Spain and ancient sub-Saharan remains!!!!!! I called it
----------- Here we used a combination of shotgun and wholegenome capture (WGC) strategies to generate whole-genome data from four prehistoric human remains (coverage from 0.4–4.8) and 13 mitogenomes from the Iberian Peninsula, dated well before any historical African presence in Iberia. We found one sample from Andalusia (southern Spain) to carry the sub-Saharan mitochondrial haplogroup L2a1, to our knowledge never observed before in ancient human remains outside Africa. In addition, the analyses of the ancient nuclear genomes revealed an increased similarity between Middle Neolithic/Chalcolithic (MN/ChL) samples from Spain and ancient sub-Saharan remains. To our knowledge, this study reports for the first time, both at nuclear and mitochondrial level, direct evidence of prehistoric northbound gene flow from Africa into Europe, probably following a trans-Mediterranean western route. ------------
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 19:13:08 GMT -5
Quote:
"carried out in dedicated aDNA facilities at the Universities of Potsdam (Germany) and York (UK)."
So Reich Lab was not involved. Not Max Planck or Reich Labs/Harvard
Next-generation sequencing reads were trimmed and mapped to the reference hg19 as described in the electronic supplementary material, document S1.
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Post by thereal on Jul 18, 2019 19:36:46 GMT -5
I mean the non whites in various fields detailing human migration and the history of those groups being used to confuse the general population in their country or internationally. I remember when the paper stating the ancient Egyptian having no Africans connection appear on a BBC program coincidentally call "Focus on Africa."
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 20:04:39 GMT -5
They are implying direct migration from SSA to Poland by-passing North Africa. How?!
------ Quote:
"However, in present-day populations haplogroup L2a1 l is most frequent in West/ West-Central Africa [41], but also in the Caribbean and USA, as a consequence of the transatlantic slave trade, [42]. Most remarkable, the sub-clade, L2a1l2a, comprising five different haplotypes, occurs only in modern DNA samples from Poland [43]. In addition, there are no members belonging to L2a1 l in present-day samples from North Africa.
This hypothesis implies the existence of some north–south genetic structure in pre-Neolithic Iberia, with hunter–gatherers from the south showing a stronger resemblance with sub-Saharan Africans, and it would account for all findings of the present study, as well as for those of previous studies of modern DNA
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 20:14:11 GMT -5
Data accessibility. The complete mitogenome sequences are available from GenBank (MK321329–MK321345). The bam files with the genome alignments are available in ENA (PRJEB29189). Additional data available as part of the electronic supplementary material and in the Dryad Digital Repository doi.org/10.5061/dryad. d6t5081 [54].
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 18, 2019 20:52:50 GMT -5
Have Europeans Always Arrived from the Near East? In 2015, a widespread group of geneticists (Mathieson et al. 2015) reported the first ancient DNA investigation of the full genome from 26 Anatolian skeletons, concluding that these belonged to a population that was the source of Europe’s first farmers. This is just a further puzzle piece in the narrative that Europe’s first farmers descended from immigrants from the Near East. Let us look into the arguments. These were originally derived from diffusion theory, but are these still state of the art? We start with a glance at history: what has been found out about the descent of the European population before the boom in archaeogenetics?
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