WEST INDIAN ORIGINS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SLAVES

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

We African Americans don't always tell the whole story about our roots. During the early period there was no USA, just a large British controlled area from Canada to the north of South America.

Slavery started in the Caribbean with the Cristopher Columbus. He landed in Hispanola (Quisqeya and Haiti). This island had the first New World slaves.

The first African Americans were from Angola. They went ot Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. However, they were en route to Brazil.

The British colony of South Carolina started when White British Barbadians left their island and traveled north. They took their slaves with them. The first Black South Carolinians were West Indian. The first generation of South Carolinians came from many West Indian islands. They brought their speech patterns with them.

In essence, American southeast was the northernmost extension of the British West Indies.

[djoser-xyyman]

Your point??

Didn't many slaves move North? ahem!. Underground railroad.

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

Look at this page from top to boottom:

gullahgeecheenews.com/Gullah_Flags.php

The flags of the gullah include the flags of the Caribbean!

African American DNA = West Indian DNA.

Gullah DNA = Jamaican DNA

That means we come from the same tribes.

If you come from Jamaica, YOU are part Mandingo, Fulani, Tuareg, Ibo, Yioruba etc.

They found Ariabic writings of slaves in Jamaica and Brazil. Nut, just America.

I have held back. Elsewhere, I said that 2 Fulani slaves in South Carolina said that the Fulbe were descended from the Shepherd Kings and that they came from Egypt.

What I left out is one of the came not directly from Africa, but came through TRINIDAD. The Fulani were enslaves there too.

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

djoser-xyyman,

i deal with these issues in real life. Not, just online. New York City has many people of different backgrounds.

Let me continue,

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tituba

I have Black Freemasons in my background. The first Black Freemason was Prince Hall.

But, Prince Hall was West Indian.

He also helped to establish the AME church.

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

If you come from Louisiana and surrounding areas, you know that area and the Midwest was a French colony. So, the French brought Haitian slaves to that area. If you are Black and from that area then you are part Haitian. This is common knowledge.

That's why the Neville Brothers had a song called
"My Blood" about theirconnections to that island.

Voodoo exists in Haiti and New Orleans because of this connection. Then there is Mardi Gras. But, we rarely give Haiti credit for Jazz.

www.voodooshop.com/voodoo/index.html

Then there is Chicago.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Pointe_du_Sable

Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable (before 1745? St. Marc, Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) - August 28, 1818, St. Charles, Mo.),[1] was a Haitian-born fur trader who is popularly known as "The Father of Chicago".[2] Du Sable was not only the first person of African descent but the first non-indigenous settler in what is now Chicago, Illinois. Du Sable was declared the Founder of Chicago by the State of Illinois and City of Chicago on October 26, 1968.[3]


[edit] Biography
Du Sable's birth year is highly uncertain, but is generally believed to have been between 1730 and 1745. Many of the stories about him are unconfirmed, especially those involving his early years. He was born at Saint-Marc in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue, present-day Haiti, to Suzanna and a French pirate[nb 1] named Pointe du Sable who served on the Black Sea Gull.[4] Suzanna may have been killed in a Spanish raid on Saint-Domingue. If this raid took place, Jean Baptiste may have escaped by swimming out to his father's ship. After his father sent him to study at a Catholic school in France, du Sable and a friend, Jacques Clamorgan, traveled to Louisiana and then to Michigan, where he married a Potawatomi woman named Kittahawa (fleet-of-foot). To marry her, the twenty-five-year-old Jean Baptiste had to become a member of her tribe. He took an eagle as his tribal symbol.[5] The Potawatomi called him "Black Chief," and he became a high ranking member of the tribe. They had a son and daughter, Jean and Susanne.

In 1779, during the Revolutionary War, he was imprisoned briefly by the British in Fort Michilimackinac in Michigan, because of his French connections and on suspicion of being a US spy.[6][7] He helped George Rogers Clark in his capture of Vincennes during the war.[4] From the summer of 1780 until May of 1784, du Sable managed the Pinery, a huge tract of woodlands claimed by British Lt. Patrick Sinclair on the St. Clair River in eastern Michigan. Du Sable and his family lived at a cabin at the mouth of the Pine River in what is now the city of St. Clair.[8]

Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable first arrived on the western shores of Lake Michigan about 1779, where he built the first permanent nonindigenous settlement, at the mouth of the river just east of the present Michigan Avenue Bridge on the north bank.[9][10]

Before it was anything else, Chicago was a trading post. As its first permanent, non native, resident, du Sable operated the first fur-trading post during the two decades before his departure in 1800.[11] Du Sable built his first house in the 1770s on the land now known as Pioneer Court, thirty years before Fort Dearborn was established on the banks of the Chicago River.[4] By the time he sold out to John Kinzie's frontman, Jean La Lime, for 6,000 livres,[12] his property included a house, two barns, horse drawn mill, bakehouse, poultry house, dairy and a smokehouse.[13] His home was a 22-foot (6.7 m) by 40-foot (12 m) log cabin filled with fine furniture and paintings. In 1913, Milo M. Quaife, an historical librarian with the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, discovered the bill of sale from du Sable to Jean La Lime in an archive in Detroit. This document outlined all of the property du Sable owned as well as many of his personal artifacts.[14]

In 1800, du Sable left Chicago for Peoria, Illinois, where he lived for a decade.[15] Du Sable moved to St. Charles, Missouri in 1813, where his granddaughter lived. He died in 1818, the year Illinois became a state. He was buried in St. Charles, in an unmarked grave in St. Borromeo Cemetery. In 1968 the city erected a granite marker at du Sable's grave.[4] The deed books in the office of the St. Charles County Recorder of Deeds do not support the assertions of some authors that du Sable sold land to Alexander McNair, who would become the first governor of Missouri.[16]

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

A Black, Jewish Officer in the Civil War
Contributed by: Phil Downey

www.jewish-history.com/civilwar/morris.html

Mr. Downey writes:

My great great grandfather Morris Morris was an officer in the Louisiana Native Guard. Morris' mother's maiden name was Carvalho. It is my understanding through oral family history that Morris Morris was Jewish. I have also come to learn that Morris was also part black *I do not know what percentage. Morris migrated to New Orleans with his mother from Jamaica shortly before the war began. I have confirmed through the Jamaican Jewish Genealogy website, that the Carvalho's of Jamaica were Jewish.* I also believe Morris' father was Jewish, thought I have no firm proof on this matter. There is a website dedicated to the Louisiana Native Guard which contains information and photos of Morris Morris. After the war Morris changed his name to Lewis Morrison and went on to become one of the great stage actors of the latter 19th century. I believe he changed his name for two reasons:

1). To escape his African heritage. He was probably considered a Creole in New Orleans. In his photos he has predominantly white features, and:

2). To escape his Jewish heritage. Sadly Jews and Irish Catholics, next to Blacks, were the most despised of White ethnic groups in the late 19th century.

I do not believe that he would have been able to pursue his career in acting had he not changed his identity, FYI, Lewis is the grandfather of Joan and Constance Bennett and the great grandfather of Morton Downey, Jr.

Morris Morris' regiment, "The 1st Louisiana Native Guard," organized as a Confederate Home Guard regiment in June of 1861 and was accepted for service as a Louisiana Militia unit by the Governor of Louisiana shortly thereafter, but was not documented as having seen combat as a Confederate regiment. After the Union occupation of New Orleans in 1861/62, some Black and mulatto officers and enlisted men of the regiment accepted Union service and formed a new USA regiment under the same name. Therefore, although Morris Morris served briefly as a Black Jewish Confederate officer, most of his military service and all of his combat service in the War was as a Union officer. The reorganized "Native Guard" did fight in many battles on behalf of the Union.
At the battle of Port Hudson the 1st Louisiana Native Guard, USA, was the first Black Regiment to fight in combat for the Union.

Historically, Morris Morris is more correctly listed listed as a Union officer.

Shalom,
Phil Downey

Lt. Morris Morris on the "Louisiana Native Guards" website

* Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West by Solomon N. Carvalho can be found on this website. Solomon Carvalho was a native a Barbados, and very probably a relative of Morris Morris.

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

Why did I write this thread?

Why do I say God Bless America and post the American flag online?

In NYC, there are many West Indians. They may be in the majority.

The West Indian Day PArade in the People's Republic of Brooklyn is grand with maybe 2 million visitors. On that day, Labor Day, West Indians fly their flags in a Carnival -like atmosphere.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day_Carnival

On that day they wave their flags high. Jump Up! Jump Up!

West Indians wave their flags constantly. Blocks away from my home is a Jamaican restaurant where they have 2 large Jamaican flags in the window. Another store had Trinidadian flags in the window.

I've encountered for years the flags of the West Indians, Black Hispanics and others all around me for many years while I sat back quietly and was very humble.

But, they made me think. isn't Jamaica the land of Michael Manlely and Edward Seaga?

Why do I have to almost hide my American flag and heritage on American soil whem all these others talk about their home countries constantly.

Their flags are a rallying cry. So, why should I hide my flag and heritage?

God Bless America.


www.aleida.net/parades-en.html

www.jamaicans.com/jamaicansoverseas/ny/index.shtml

www.greekparade.org/gallery.asp

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html

[jari]

Im not sure what you are implying. It is well known that Slaes were taken to the Carribean first but how are the Modern African Americans "West Indian"??

[jari]

Aug 3, 2010 12:29:57 GMT -5 RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN said:

Look at this page from top to boottom:

gullahgeecheenews.com/Gullah_Flags.php

The flags of the gullah include the flags of the Caribbean!

African American DNA = West Indian DNA.

Gullah DNA = Jamaican DNA

That means we come from the same tribes.

If you come from Jamaica, YOU are part Mandingo, Fulani, Tuareg, Ibo, Yioruba etc.

They found Ariabic writings of slaves in Jamaica and Brazil. Nut, just America.

I have held back. Elsewhere, I said that 2 Fulani slaves in South Carolina said that the Fulbe were descended from the Shepherd Kings and that they came from Egypt.

What I left out is one of the came not directly from Africa, but came through TRINIDAD. The Fulani were enslaves there too.

Brother, are you implying that the ancestors of African American come from the same Tribes as the West Indian slaves, the Maroons and Gullah or are you implying West Indian slaes were brought to the Americas from the Carribean excusiely...if so where is your evidence??

[anansi]

Aug 3, 2010 19:26:30 GMT -5 jari said:

Aug 3, 2010 12:29:57 GMT -5 RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN said:

Look at this page from top to boottom:

gullahgeecheenews.com/Gullah_Flags.php

The flags of the gullah include the flags of the Caribbean!

African American DNA = West Indian DNA.

Gullah DNA = Jamaican DNA

That means we come from the same tribes.

If you come from Jamaica, YOU are part Mandingo, Fulani, Tuareg, Ibo, Yioruba etc.

They found Ariabic writings of slaves in Jamaica and Brazil. Nut, just America.

I have held back. Elsewhere, I said that 2 Fulani slaves in South Carolina said that the Fulbe were descended from the Shepherd Kings and that they came from Egypt.

What I left out is one of the came not directly from Africa, but came through TRINIDAD. The Fulani were enslaves there too.

Brother, are you implying that the ancestors of African American come from the same Tribes as the West Indian slaves, the Maroons and Gullah or are you implying West Indian slaes were brought to the Americas from the Carribean excusiely...if so where is your evidence??

Actually Jamaica and perhaps the W.I in general were seasoning stations at some era of the slave trade, and also Jamaica has the honor of being the dumping ground for the most rebellious slaves, that is if a slave on the main land proved to be particularly uncontrollable they would deport him/her to Jamaica..will post more on the subject.

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

From now on I will not post my own words. I will repeat articles already online!

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15624208

Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005 Aug;127(4):427-38.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes reveal maternal population genetic affinities of Sea Island Gullah-speaking African Americans.

McLean DC Jr, Spruill I, Argyropoulos G, Page GP, Shriver MD, Garvey WT.

Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Sea Island Families Project and Project Sugar, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 20425, USA. [e-mail]
Abstract

To better understand the population substructure of African Americans living in coastal South Carolina, we used restriction site polymorphisms and an insertion/deletion in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to construct seven-position haplotypes across 1,395 individuals from Sierra Leone, Africa, from U.S. European Americans, and from the New World African-derived populations of Jamaica, Gullah-speaking African Americans of the South Carolina Sea Islands (Gullahs), African Americans living in Charleston, South Carolina, and West Coast African Americans. Analyses showed a high degree of similarity within the New World African-derived populations, where haplotype frequencies and diversities were similar. Phi-statistics indicated that very little genetic differentiation has occurred within New World African-derived populations, but that there has been significant differentiation of these populations from Sierra Leoneans. Genetic distance estimates indicated a close relationship of Gullahs and Jamaicans with Sierra Leoneans, while African Americans living in Charleston and the West Coast were progressively more distantly related to the Sierra Leoneans. We observed low maternal European American admixture in the Jamaican and Gullah samples (m = 0.020 and 0.064, respectively) that increased sharply in a clinal pattern from Charleston African Americans to West Coast African Americans (m = 0.099 and 0.205, respectively). The appreciably reduced maternal European American admixture noted in the Gullah indicates that the Gullah may be uniquely situated to allow genetic epidemiology studies of complex diseases in African Americans with low European American admixture. (c) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

PMID: 15624208 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

Gullah language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Gullah (also called Sea Island Creole English and Geechee) is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees" within the community), an African American population living on the Sea Islands and the coastal region of the U.S. states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and northeast Florida.

Gullah is based on English, with strong influences from West and Central African languages such as Mandinka, Wolof, Bambara, Fula, Mende, Vai, Akan, Ewe, Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Kongo, Umbundu, and Kimbundu.......

Related languages

Gullah resembles other English-based creole languages spoken in West Africa and the Caribbean Basin. These include the Krio language of Sierra Leone, Nigerian Pidgin English, Bahamian Dialect, Jamaican Creole, Bajan and Belizean Kriol. It is speculated that these languages use English as a lexifier (or vocabularies derived largely from English) and that their syntax (grammars and sentence structures) are strongly influenced by African languages but research by Salikoko Mufwene and others suggests that non-standard Englishes may have also influenced Gullah's (and other creoles') syntactical features.

from : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah_language

then

from : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_shout

Ring shout
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

A shout or ring shout is an ecstatic dance ritual, first practiced by African slaves in the West Indies and the United States, in which worshippers move in a circle while shuffling their feet and clapping their hands. Despite the name, shouting aloud is not an essential part of the ritual.
Contents

[edit] Description

"Shouting" often took place during or after a Christian prayer meeting or worship service. Men and women moved in a circle in a counterclockwise direction, shuffling their feet, clapping, and often spontaneously singing or praying aloud. In Jamaica and Trinidad the shout was usually performed around a special second altar near the center of a church building. In the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina, shouters formed a circle outdoors, around the church building itself.[1] In some cases, slaves retreated into the woods at night to perform shouts, often for hours at a time, with participants leaving the circle as they became exhausted.[2] In the twentieth century some African-American churchgoers in the United States performed shouts by forming a circle around the pulpit[3], in the space in front of the altar, or around the nave in churches with fixed, immobile pews.
[edit] Origin

The origins of the ring shout are obscure, and it is usually assumed to be derived from African dance. The ritual may have originated among enslaved Muslims from West Africa as an imitation of tawaf, the mass procession around the Kaaba that is an essential part of the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca. If so, the word "shout" may come from Arabic sha'wt, meaning a single circumambulation of the Kaaba.[4]

According to musicologist Robert Palmer, the first written accounts of the ring shout date from the 1840s. The stamping and clapping in a circle was described as a kind of "drumming," and 19th-century observers associated it with the conversion of slaves to Christianity.[5]

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

home.comcast.net/~libpjr1/bahamasdna.htm

Bahamas Y-Chromosome STR Test Results

Henry Cornish ALBURY born about 1811, reveal that his direct paternal line descends from Africa. In YSearch he matches 8 out of 8 markers with 3 males with direct paternal line ancestry from Virginia, two males from North Carolina and one male from each of the following: South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Antigua. A comparison with African Ancestry's African Lineage Database indicates that he shares direct paternal line ancestry with the Ewe ethnic group of Ghana. In the YHRD database of over 54,000 records he matches 7 out of 7 markers with 9 males of Eastern Bantu origin in South Africa, two males from Equatorial Guinea, and one male from each of the following: Guiné-Bissau, Cabinda - Angola, Egypt, Sohag - Upper Egypt, and Reunion Island. His closest matches indicate he belongs to haplogroup E3a.

... Edward Shedwick BOWLEG born about 1922 Andros. In the FamilyTreeDNA Recent Ancestral Origins database he matches 12 out of 12 markers with one male from the Sawa ethnic group of the Cameroon. He matches 11 out of 12 markers with 5 males of the Bakaka ethnic group of the Cameroon, 2 males from each of the following: the Baganda ethnic group of Uganda, the Biaka ethnic group of the Central African Republic, 1 male from each of the following: the Mukongo ethnic group of Angola, the Songhai ethnic group of Niger, the Shona ethnic group of Zimbabwe, and 1 male from each of the following countries: Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria.

… (kit 90552) direct maternal line descendant of Benjamin BRENNEN born 1847 in the Berry Islands and died in Grand Bahama. In Family Tree DNA’s Recent Ancestral Origins database he matches 10 out of 12 markers with one male of the Lamba ethnic group of Togo. A SNP test reveals he is M2+ which indicates he belongs to haplogroup E3a.

... (kit 58657) Benjamin BRENNAN born about 1875 of Eight Mile Rock, Grand Bahama. In FamilyTreeDNA's Recent Ancestral Origins database he matches 12 out of 12 markers with one male from the Shona ethnic group of Zimbabwe. He also matches 11 out of 12 markers with one male from each of the following: the Agni ethnic group of Cote D’Ivoire, the Akan and Ga ethnic groups of Ghana. In the www.yhrd.org database he matches 12 out of 12 markers with 2 males in Ecuador of African ancestry. He matches 11 out of 12 markers with two males of Eastern Bantu origin in South Africa and one male from each of the following: Guiné-Bissau, Cabinda –Angola, United States (African ancestry), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (African ancestry), He is a 11/12 match with a SNP tested E3a7.


.. Henry COLLIE of Acklins Island matches 9 out of 10 markers in the www.yhrd.org with 1 man from Rio de Janeiro (suggesting an area of origin popular with the Portuguese slave trade). He matches 8 out of 10 markers with 1 man from Johannesburg, South Africa and 1 man from Mozambique. This suggests to me his likely area of origin is southeastern Africa.

... Arthur Livingstone CUNNINGHAM matches 10 out of 10 markers in the www.yhrd.org database with 1 person living in the Cabinda. Cabinda is an enclave of Angola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However in the FamilyTreeDNA Recent Origins database he matches 10 out of 12 markers with 3 men from Gambia and 1 man from Senegal.

.. Jonathan DEAN born about 1890 of Mastic Point, Andros, reveal that his direct paternal line descends from Africa. A search of the www.yhrd.org/ database shows that he shares direct paternal line ancestry (matches 10 out of 10 markers) with a man from Guiné-Bissau (Republic of Guinea-Bissau) in west Africa. A study of Bantu lineages in Sub-Saharan Africa found his signature of 16, 21, 10, 11, 14 at 19, 390, 391, 392, 393 was found mostly in Guinea-Bissau.

...Charles GIBSON (b. abt 1875 Savannah Sound, Eleuthera indicate that the ancestry of his direct paternal line is from Africa. He matches 11 out of 12 markers (and shares direct paternal line ancestry) with two people from the Niokolo Mandenkalu ethnic group of Senegal, and one person from each of the following: the Bamileke ethnic group of Cameroon, the Idatcha ethnic group of Benin, the Kikuyu and Milamba ethnic groups of Kenya and the Shona ethnic group of Zimbabwe and one person from Ethiopia.

...HALL (b. ?) Closest matches in Family Tree DNA's haplogroup database are 10 out of 12 markers with one male from each of the following ethnic groups: The Fang of Guinea-Bissau, the Akan of Ghana, the Bassa of Cameroon, the Taita of Kenya, and one male each from Ghana and Madagascar. He matches 10 out of 12 markers with three males who SNP tested E1b1a7a.

... Lewis HOPKINS born about 1810 of Grant's Town, New Providence, reveal that his direct paternal line descends from Africa. A comparison with African Ancestry's African Lineage Database indicates that he shares direct paternal line ancestry with the Mbundu ethnic group of Angola.


. Cuffee JOHNSON born about the 1820's of Hatchet Bay, Eleuthera, reveal that his direct paternal line descends from Africa. A comparison with African Ancestry's African Lineage Database indicates that he shares direct paternal line ancestry with the Mende ethnic group of Sierra Leone.

.. Don Juan MAURA suggest that his direct paternal line descends from the Berbers of western north Africa via the Moors of Iberia. A SNP test shows that he is M35+ and and therefore belongs to haplogroup E3b. According to freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~dgarvey/DNA/hg/YCC_E3b.html his 16 at DYS19 is rare for an E3b. Most of his remaining DYS values suggest he is E3b3. The World & Haplo-I Subclade Predictor members.bex.net/jtcullen515/HaploTest.htm gives a 66% chance of this haplotype belonging to E3b-V12 (ISOGG haplogroup E1b1b1a1).

..MEARES In www.yhrd.org he is a 7/7 match with one male in each of the following. Brussels, Central Portugal, Thailand, Eastern Norway, Wales (Chinese male), Ethiopia (Amharic), Belarus, Iraq (Kurd), Germany, Upper Egypt, and Poland. The World & Haplo-I Subclade Predictor members.bex.net/jtcullen515/HaploTest.htm gives a 95% chance of this haplotype belonging to E3b-M34 (ISOGG haplogroup E1b1b1c1). A SNP test reveals that he is M34+ which defines haplogroup ISOGG haplogroup E1b1b1c1 (formerly E3b1c1). A SNP test confirms that he is M34+. According to FamilyTreeDNA this sub-haplogroup has a significant presence in Jewish lineages.


.William NEELY (kit 23288), born about 1820 in Eleuthera, reveal that his direct paternal line descends from Africa. A comparison with African Ancestry's African Lineage Database indicates that he shares direct paternal line ancestry with the Tuareg ethnic group of Mali.


William WHITE (b. abt 1830 Nassau?) matches are 12 out of 12 markers with one male from each of the following: Benin, Gambia, and Ghana, the Baganda ethnic group of Uganda, the Zezuru and Shona ethnic groups of Zimbabwe, His highest number of close matches (11 out of 12 markers) with any particular ethnic group are with four males from the Bamileke of the Cameroon and three males from the Yoruba of Nigeria. He is a 12/12 match with one male who SNP tested U290+ (currently labeled haplogroup E1b1a8a1 by ISOGG and FamilyTreeDNA).

[RED WHITE BLUE PLUS CHRISTIAN]

Bahamas mtDNA Test Results

Lilla Louise Selver? d. 1950 Nassau

n FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Recent Ancestral Origins database he has low resolution (HVR1) matches with (and therefore shares direct maternal line ancestry with) members of the following ethnic groups: the Cabinda and Mbundu of Angola, the Bakaka, Bassa, Chadic, Daba, Ewondo, Fale, Ouldeme, Podokwo, and Tupuri of the Cameroon, the Afar, Amhara, and Tigrai of Ethiopia, the Ateke, Benga, Fang, and Punu of Gabon, the Balanta, Beafada, Bijago, Fula-Preto, Mancanha, Mandinga, Mansonca, Nalu, Papel of Guinea-Bissau, the Mandenka and Turkana of Senegal, the Limba, Loko, Mende, Temne of Sierra Leone, the Dinka of Sudan, the Sara of Chad. She also has matches in Germany, Italy, Kenya, Mozambique, the Azores, Sao Tome and Principe, Zimbabwe, Egypt, and South Africa.

Rebecca Outten b. abt 1838, Cat Island

The direct maternal ancestor of kit # 28322 is Rebecca Outten from Cat Island, Bahamas. S/he belongs to haplogroup L1 (Layla's Clan). Layla lived about 160,000 years ago and is one of the world's oldest mtDNA mtDNA groups. Her mtDNA is relatively close to Genetic Eve. Layla shares direct maternal line ancestry with the Khoisan speaking people of SW Africa (Kalahari Desert area); Layla's descendants spread throughout Africa. In FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Recent Ancestral Origins database the direct maternal line of Rebecca Outten has low resolution (HVR1) matches with (and therefore shares direct maternal line ancestry with) members of the following ethnic groups: the Cabinda and Mbundu of Angola, the Bakaka, Bassa, Chadic, Daba, Ewondo, Fale, Ouldeme, Podokwo, and Tupuri of the Cameroon, the Afar, Amhara, and Tigrai of Ethiopia, the Ateke, Benga, Fang, and Punu of Gabon, the Balanta, Beafada, Bijago, Fula-Preto, Mancanha, Mandinga, Mansonca, Nalu, Papel of Guinea-Bissau, the Mandenka and Turkana of Senegal, the Limba, Loko, Mende, Temne of Sierra Leone, the Dinka of Sudan, the Sara of Chad. She also has matches in Germany, Italy, Kenya, Mozambique, the Azores, Sao Tome and Principe, Zimbabwe, Egypt, and South Africa.


Edna Johnson b. abt 1888 Gregory Town, Eleuthera (mother's maiden name was Thompson


Participant AA0207 belongs to mtDNA haplogroup L1. This haplogroup has been named Layla's Clan. Layla lived about 160,000 years ago and is one of the world's oldest mtDNA mtDNA groups. More precisely s/he belongs to haplogroup L1b because s/he has the following differences from the Cambridge Reference Sequence: 16126C, 16264T, and 16270T. The ancestor for L1b lived about 30,550 years ago. In Family Tree DNA's mtDNA Recent Ancestral Origins database his/her exact HVR1 matches reveal that s/he shares direct maternal line ancestry with 5 people from Sao Tome and 5 people from Sierra Leone, 2 people from the Mbundu of Angola, the Wolof of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania, the Loko of Sierra Leone, and Mozambique. One person from each of the following: the Cabinda of Angola, the Khwe of Botswana/Namibia, the Bijago and Fula of Guinea-Bissau, the Bambara of Mali, the Serer of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania, and the Limba of Sierra Leone. This low resolution signature (HVR1 only) has also been found in one person from the Mende ethnic group of Sierra Leone, two people from the Forros ethnic group and one person from Tongas ethnic group of Sao Tome e Principe,

Lucie Haplogroup L2a1

S/he shares direct maternal line ancestry people from the following ethnic groups: Mbundu of Angola; Khwe of Botswana/Namibia; Bamileke, Bassa, Ewondo, Fali, Fulbe, Podokwo, of Cameroon; Balanta/e, Bijago, Manjaco of Guinea-Bassau; Kikuyu of Kenya; Hausa of Niger/Nigeria, Wolof of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania; Mende, and Temne of Sierra Leone; 38 people of Ashkenazi heritage in Slovakia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, France, and Germany.


Mary Elizabeth? of Savannah Sound, m. George Clarke
Sharlett Jane Culmer of Savannah Sound m. Thompson

The direct maternal ancestors of kit #'s 25688 and 38951 are from Long Island, Bahamas. They have low resolution matches with the Ashkenazi of Europe and the Bassa ethnic group of the Cameroon (which descends from the Adbassa/Abyssinia Empire). This HVR1 signature is also found among the Duy social class of the Nso ethnic group of the Cameroon, Veeramah et al., “Foundation of the Ruling Dynasty of the Nso”. They belong to the "Lingaire Clan" of Africa and he/she very likely belongs to haplogroup L2a1 which is defined by 16309G.

FTDNA's Ancient origins database includes contains HVR1 data that did not include 16519 and so the matches are the same. S/he shares direct maternal line ancestry people from the following ethnic groups: Mbundu of Angola; Khwe of Botswana/Namibia; Bamileke, Bassa, Ewondo, Fali, Fulbe, Podokwo, of Cameroon; Balanta/e, Bijago, Manjaco of Guinea-Bassau; Kikuyu of Kenya; Hausa of Niger/Nigeria, Wolof of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania; Mende, and Temne of Sierra Leone; 38 people of Ashkenazi heritage in Slovakia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, France, and Germany.

Charity Johnson b. ca 1819 Harbour Island


The earliest known direct maternal ancestor of kit # AA065 is Charity Johnson of Harbour Island. He/she belongs to the "Lingaire Clan" of Africa which is defined by 16390A. The matriarch of L2 (Lingaire) lived about 70,000 years ago. S/he very likely belongs to haplogroup L2a1. A comparison with African Ancestry's African Lineage Database indicates that he/she shares ancestry with the Mende ethnic group of Sierra Leone. However, this motif is not found among the Mende in a 2005 study of four ethnic groups in Sierra Leone (see: www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110429603/PDFSTART ) His/her motif appears to belong to the Loko ethnic group (if location 16390 is ignored because it was not examined by African Ancestry). The Loko people mostly inhabit northwestern Sierra Leone. They speak a Mande language and are closely related to the Mende people.

Haplogroup L2b1


The earliest known direct maternal ancestor of kit # 26848 is Amelia Armbrister who was born about 1842. She is a perfect match with kit # 33486 who is a direct maternal descendant of Julia Knowles of Long Island, Bahamas. They both share a direct maternal matriarch named "Bahama Gal" who very likely lived in the Bahamas. S/he has low resolution (HVR1) matches with the following African ethnic groups: Cabinda (5) in Angola, Baiote (2), Balanta (3), Beafada (2), Brame (2), Manjaco (2), Mansonca (2), Nalu (2), Papel (2) of Guinea-Bissau, Yoruba of Nigeria, Wolof (3) of Senegal/Gambia/Mauritania. A comparison with African Ancestry's African Lineage Database indicates that they share ancestry with the Bamileke ethnic group of Cameroon. This HVR1 signature is also found among the Nshiylav social class of the Nso ethnic group of the Cameroon, Veeramah et al., “Foundation of the Ruling Dynasty of the Nso”. A comparison with "Mitochondrial and Y Chromosome Diversity in the English-Speaking Caribbean" reveals an HVR1 match with 2 people from Trinidad. They belong to the "Lingaire Clan" of Africa which is defined by 16390A. The matriarch of L2 (Lingaire) lived about 70,000 years ago. Their subgroup is very likely L2b as defined by 16114A, 16129A, 16213A and more specifically L2b1 as defined by 16362C.