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Post by thought on Aug 9, 2010 22:00:36 GMT -5
CHOUKI EL HAMELa1
a1 Arizona State University
Article author query
el hamel c
ABSTRACT
In late-seventeenth-century Morocco, Mawlay Isma‘il commanded his officials to enslave all blacks: that is, to buy coercively or freely those already slaves and to enslave those who were free, including the Haratin (meaning free blacks or freed ex-slaves). This command violated the most salient Islamic legal code regarding the institution of slavery, which states that it is illegal to enslave fellow Muslims. This controversy caused a heated debate and overt hostility between the ‘ulama’ (Muslim scholars) and Mawlay Isma‘il. Official slave registers were created to justify the legality of the enforced buying of slaves from their owners and the enslavement of the Haratin. An equation of blackness and slavery was being developed to justify the subjection of the free Muslim black Moroccans. To prove the slave status of the black Moroccans, the officials in charge of the slavery project established a fictional hierarchy of categories of slaves. This project therefore constructed a slave status for all black people, even those who were free.
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Post by Charlie Bass on Aug 10, 2010 2:13:54 GMT -5
CHOUKI EL HAMELa1 a1 Arizona State University Article author query el hamel c ABSTRACT In late-seventeenth-century Morocco, Mawlay Isma‘il commanded his officials to enslave all blacks: that is, to buy coercively or freely those already slaves and to enslave those who were free, including the Haratin (meaning free blacks or freed ex-slaves). This command violated the most salient Islamic legal code regarding the institution of slavery, which states that it is illegal to enslave fellow Muslims. This controversy caused a heated debate and overt hostility between the ‘ulama’ (Muslim scholars) and Mawlay Isma‘il. Official slave registers were created to justify the legality of the enforced buying of slaves from their owners and the enslavement of the Haratin. An equation of blackness and slavery was being developed to justify the subjection of the free Muslim black Moroccans. To prove the slave status of the black Moroccans, the officials in charge of the slavery project established a fictional hierarchy of categories of slaves. This project therefore constructed a slave status for all black people, even those who were free. I guess enslavement of Africans by other Africans was deeper than what I thought. |
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jari
Scribe
Posts: 289
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Post by jari on Aug 10, 2010 4:46:30 GMT -5
CHOUKI EL HAMELa1 a1 Arizona State University Article author query el hamel c ABSTRACT In late-seventeenth-century Morocco, Mawlay Isma‘il commanded his officials to enslave all blacks: that is, to buy coercively or freely those already slaves and to enslave those who were free, including the Haratin (meaning free blacks or freed ex-slaves). This command violated the most salient Islamic legal code regarding the institution of slavery, which states that it is illegal to enslave fellow Muslims. This controversy caused a heated debate and overt hostility between the ‘ulama’ (Muslim scholars) and Mawlay Isma‘il. Official slave registers were created to justify the legality of the enforced buying of slaves from their owners and the enslavement of the Haratin. An equation of blackness and slavery was being developed to justify the subjection of the free Muslim black Moroccans. To prove the slave status of the black Moroccans, the officials in charge of the slavery project established a fictional hierarchy of categories of slaves. This project therefore constructed a slave status for all black people, even those who were free. I guess enslavement of Africans by other Africans was deeper than what I thought. It gets worse bro. You should seriously research the slavery of black Muslims in modern day Morocco and Mauritania. Where blacks are told they are inferior by Arab masters and that the Koran says for them to serve their masters..etc. Also research the enslavement of folks in the Sudan. Im sure you are a strong Brother but some of the stuff you read will boil your blood and hurt you to hear about our people suffering like that. Dont get me wrong Slavery exists in many countries even X-tian ones but it is usually against the law and small, only in Muslim countries is slavery recently banned and usually ignored by the Governments. Muslim Apologists always avoid this fact for some reason, Christanity is the white mans religion but they sit in a Judeao Christian nation where civil rights based off Christian values allowed blacks to overcome the stigma of slavery. |
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Aug 10, 2010 12:54:22 GMT -5
Sultan Maulay Ismail was not simply enslaving blacks. He was building a private army for himself with them. The fact that we have is that the Moroccan 'Alawide sultan Mulay Isma'il's conscripted all blacks (Muslim or non-Muslim, free or enslaved, Haratin or Gnawa) for his personal " 'Abid al Bukhari" army whether they were abid or bukhari or not. He was opposed by many of Fez's ulema, the most vocal of whom he asassinated. Some short shrift info on Moulay Ismail and the Abid al-Bukhari no more accurate than encyclopedia entries can be relied on. In 1673 Isma'il created the 'Abid (Black) al-Bukhari army known colloquially
as buakhar and made up of slaves bought from their masters and enlisted
into this army together with freeborn blacks. This contingent was provided
with women, and the offspring of these unions were entered into special
schools and given specialized military training. Toward the end of his reign
he had a black army of more than 150,000 men, of whom about 70,000
were kept as a strategic reserve in and around Meknès. His army was
equipped with European arms, and his officers learned to combine artillery
with infantry effectively. He used these forces against the Ottomans in
Algiers in the years 1679, 1682, and 1695/96 in expeditions designed to
pacify his frontiers and to punish the regent of Algiers. In the end the
Ottomans agreed to respect Moroccan independence. |
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Aug 10, 2010 12:55:58 GMT -5
Info from Moroccan source material.  |
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Aug 10, 2010 12:56:38 GMT -5
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Aug 10, 2010 12:57:15 GMT -5
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Aug 10, 2010 12:57:54 GMT -5
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Post by Tukuler al~Takruri on Aug 10, 2010 13:06:07 GMT -5
Though disbanded after Ismail's day and time they were
reformed on occasion. They were feared and respected
because of their military prowess and administrative
skills not to mention their feats of civil engineering too.
Far from being pillar to post whippin' boys, these 'ABID,
"black slave" guys, for a stretch of time determined who
sat Morocco's throne. Without exaggerating, there'd be no
modern nation state Morocco as we know it if not for them.
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