Modern Egyptians cluster with Sub-Saharan Africans on several countsQUOTE:
"The biological characteristics of modern
Egyptians show a north-south cline, reflecting
their geographic location between sub-Saharan
Africa and the Levant. This is expressed in DNA,
blood groups, serum proteins and genetic
disorders (Filon 1996; Hammer et al. 1998; Krings
et al. 1999). They can also be expressed in
phenotypic characteristics that can be identified
in teeth and bones (Crichton 1966; Froment 1992;
Keita 1996). These characteristics include head
form, facial and nasal characteristics, jaw
relationships, tooth size, morphology and
upper/lower limb proportions. In all these
features, Modern Egyptians resemble Sub-Saharan
Africans (Howells 1989, Keita 1995)."
-- Smith, P. (2002) The palaeo-biological
evidence for admixture between populations in the
southern Levant and Egypt in the fourth to third
millennia BCE. in E.C.M van den Brink and TE Levy, eds.
Egypt and the Levant: interrelations from the 4th through the
3rd millenium, BCE. Leicester Univ Press: 2002, 118-28
-----------------------------------------------------------
Dental studies- re "tropical typesquote:
"Still, it appears that the process of state
formation involved a large indigenous component.
Outside influence and admixture with extraregional
groups primarily occurred in Lower Egypt—perhaps
during the later dynastic, but especially in
Ptolmaic and Roman times (also Irish, 2006). No
large-scale population replacement in the form of
a foreign dynastic ‘race’ (Petrie, 1939) was
indicated. Our results are generally consistent
with those of Zakrzewski (2007). Using
craniometric data in predynastic and early
dynastic Egyptian samples, she also concluded
that state formation was largely an indigenous
process with some migration into the region
evident. The sources of such migrants have not
been identified; inclusion of additional regional
and extraregional skeletal samples from various
periods would be required for this purpose."
--Further analysis of the population history of
ancient Egyptians. Schillaci MA, Irish JD, Wood
CC. 2009
--------------------------------
Tropical peoples replaced cold-climate types in EuropeQUOTE:
"The transition in Europe from Neandertals to
“early anatomically modern” (Late Paleolithic)
humans 40,000 to 25,000 years ago and subsequent
changes in morphology within the latter group,
are especially interesting in that they may
provide evidence of adaptation following
migration to a new climatic zone if these
populations were derived from farther south, as
suggested by the preponderance of current
evidence (Klein 1999). The lack of change between
European Early and Late Paleolithic samples in
distal-to-proximal limb length proportions
(crural and brachial indices) was initially
puzzling in this regard because a reduction would
have been predicted if climatic adaptation were
taking place (Trinkaus 1981).
However, more recent work has shown that relative
to measures of trunk (vertebral column) height,
limb length did decrease significantly within
the Upper Paleolithic in Europe, beginning at
proportions similar to those of sub-Saharan
Africans and ending at proportions similar to
those of modern Europeans (Holliday 1997a).
Comparisons of long bone lengths to bi-iliac
breadths in available European Upper Paleolithic
specimens (nD15–19, about a third from the Early
Upper Paleolithic) also indicate significant
reductions in limb length to body breadth between
the Early and Late Upper Paleolithic (unpublished
results based on data given in Ruff et al.
1997, supplementary information). Thus, body
shape did change significantly in Upper
Paleolithic Europeans after exposure to colder
climatic conditions, although the change was
mosaic in nature, beginning with a general
reduction in limb lengths followed by a reduction
in distal-to-proximal limb element proportions."
[ENDQUOTE]:
-- Ruff. C. 2002. Variation in Human Body Size and Shape. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2002. 31:211-32.
-------------------------------------------------------
Incoming Neolithic to Europe included clear "sub-Saharan"
tropical African elements - Brace 2005QUOTE:
"The assessment of prehistoric and recent human
craniofacial dimensions supports the picture
documented by genetics that the extension of
Neolithic agriculture from the Near East westward
to Europe and across North Africa was accomplished
by a process of demic diffusion (11–15). If
the Late Pleistocene Natufian sample from Israel
is the source from which that Neolithic spread
was derived, then there was clearly a Sub-Saharan
African element present of almost equal
importance as the Late Prehistoric Eurasian
element. At the same time, the failure of the
Neolithic and Bronze Age samples in central and
northern Europe to tie to the modern inhabitants
supports the suggestion that, while a farming
mode of subsistence was spread westward and also
north to Crimea and east to Mongolia by actual
movement of communities of farmers, the indigenous
foragers in each of those areas ultimately absorbed
both the agricultural subsistence strategy and
also the people who had brought it. The interbreeding
of the incoming Neolithic people with the in situ
foragers diluted the Sub-Saharan traces that may
have come with the Neolithic spread so that no
discoverable element of that remained. This
picture of a mixture between the incoming farmers
and the in situ foragers had originally been
supported by the archaeological record alone (6,
9, 33, 34, 48, 49), but this view is now reinforced
by the analysis of the skeletal morphology of the
people of those areas where prehistoric and
recent remains can be metrically compared."
-- Brace, et al. The questionable contribution of
the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European
craniofacial form, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006
January 3; 103(1): p. 242-247.)
-------------------------------------------------------------
Ancient Egypt and nearby tropical peoples-
cultural linksQUOTE:
"The period when sub-Saharan Africa was most
influential in Egypt was a time when neither
Egypt, as we understand it culturally, nor the
Sahara, as we understand it geographically,
existed. Populations and cultures now found south
of the desert roamed far to the north. The
culture of Upper Egypt, which became dynastic
Egyptian civilization, could fairly be called a
Sudanese transplant. Egypt rapidly found a method
of disciplining the river, the land, and the
people to transform the country into a titanic
garden. Egypt rapidly developed detailed cultural
forms that dwarfed its forebears in urbanity and
elaboration. Thus, when new details arrived, they
were rapidly adapted to the vast cultural
superstructure already present. On the other
hand, pharaonic culture was so bound to its place
near the Nile that its huge, interlocked religious,
administrative, and formal structures could not
be readily transferred to relatively mobile
cultures of the desert, savanna, and forest. The
influence of the mature pharaonic civilizations
of Egypt and Kush was almost confined to their
sophisticated trade goods and some significant
elements of technology. Nevertheless, the religious
substratum of Egypt and Kush was so similar to
that of many cultures in southern Sudan today
that it remains possible that fundamental elements
derived from the two high cultures to the north live on."
-- FROM: "(Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa: Their
Interaction. Encyclopedia of Pre-colonial Africa,
by Joseph O. Vogel, AltaMira Press, (1997), pp.
465-472)
--------------------------------------------------
Numerous Pharaohs show tropical limb proportions
-----------------
new data on tropical limb proportions
---------------------
