AFRICAN GENES - Genetic Studies of Africans

[djoser-xyyman]

[

---

left]Little is known about the history of click-speaking populations in Africa. Prior genetic studies revealed that the clickspeaking
[glow=red,2,300]Hadza of eastern Africa are as distantly related to click speakers of southern Africa as are most other African
populations.[/glow] The Sandawe, who currently live within 150 km of the Hadza, are the only other population in eastern
Africa whose language has been classified as part of the Khoisan language family. Linguists disagree on whether there is
any detectable relationship between the Hadza and Sandawe click languages. We characterized both mtDNA and Y
chromosome variation of the Sandawe, Hadza, and neighboring Tanzanian populations. New genetic data show that the
Sandawe and southern African click speakers share rare mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups; however, common
ancestry of the 2 populations dates back .35,000 years. These data also indicate that common ancestry of the Hadza and
Sandawe populations dates back .15,000 years. These findings suggest that at the time of the spread of agriculture and
pastoralism, the click-speaking populations were already isolated from one another and are consistent with relatively
deep linguistic divergence among the respective click languages[/left]

Attachments:

[djoser-xyyman]

Will use this thread to upload about 50 genetic studies I have. Others can follow suit.. . .

[djoser-xyyman]

Did migrating Bantu speakers admix with the "older" local women. . .

---

To investigate associations between genetic, linguistic, and geographic variation in Africa, we type 50 Y
chromosome SNPs in 1122 individuals from 40 populations representing African geographic and linguistic
diversity. We compare these patterns of variation with those that emerge from a similar analysis of
published mtDNA HVS1 sequences from 1918 individuals from 39 African populations. For the Y
chromosome, Mantel tests reveal a strong partial correlation between genetic and linguistic distances
(r¼0.33, P¼0.001) and no correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r¼0.08, P40.10). In
contrast, mtDNA variation is weakly correlated with both language (r¼0.16, P¼0.046) and geography
(r¼0.17, P¼0.035). AMOVA indicates that the amount of paternal among-group variation is much higher
when populations are grouped by linguistics (UCT¼0.21) than by geography (UCT¼0.06). Levels of
maternal genetic among-group variation are low for both linguistics and geography (UCT¼0.03 and 0.04,
respectively). When Bantu speakers are removed from these analyses, the correlation with linguistic
variation disappears for the Y chromosome and strengthens for mtDNA. These data suggest that patterns
of differentiation and gene flow in Africa have differed for men and women in the recent evolutionary
past. We infer that sex-biased rates of admixture and/or language borrowing between expanding Bantu
farmers and local hunter-gatherers played an important role in influencing patterns of genetic variation
during the spread of African agriculture in the last 4000 years.

Attachments:

[djoser-xyyman]

Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese:
Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With
Language, Geography, and History


ABSTRACT We study the major levels of Y-chromosome
haplogroup variation in 15 Sudanese populations
by typing major Y-haplogroups in 445 unrelated males
representing the three linguistic families in Sudan. Our
analysis shows Sudanese populations fall into haplogroups
A, B, E, F, I, J, K, and R in frequencies of 16.9,
7.9, 34.4, 3.1, 1.3, 22.5, 0.9, and 13% respectively. Haplogroups
A, B, and E occur mainly in Nilo-Saharan
speaking groups including Nilotics, Fur, Borgu, and
Masalit; whereas haplogroups F, I, J, K, and R are more
frequent among Afro-Asiatic speaking groups including
Arabs, Beja, Copts, and Hausa, and Niger-Congo speakers
from the Fulani ethnic group. Mantel tests reveal a
strong correlation between genetic and linguistic structures
(r 5 0.31, P 5 0.007), and a similar correlation
between genetic and geographic distances (r 5 0.29, P 5
0.025) that appears after removing nomadic pastoralists
of no known geographic locality from the analysis. The
bulk of genetic diversity appears to be a consequence of
recent migrations and demographic events mainly from
Asia and Europe, evident in a higher migration rate for
speakers of Afro-Asiatic as compared with the Nilo-
Saharan family of languages, and a generally higher
effective population size for the former. The data provide
insights not only into the history of the Nile Valley, but
also in part to the history of Africa and the area of the
Sahel. Am J Phys Anthropol 000:000–000, 2008. VVC 2008
Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Attachments:

[homeylu]

Let me know when you're done uploading, we'll "stick" and lock this topic.

[beyoku]

I have a ton of studies too. Can you follow the format like you did with that Sudanese study post:

Title of Study

ABSTRACT

Attachment.

That way it will be easy for us to go in and searh what we are looking for (Plus I will not post duplicate studies).
Another thing is, what is the Attachment Upload Limit?

[djoser-xyyman]

Differential Greek and northern African migrations to
Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the
Y chromosome



The presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of
the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats
from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient
Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of
some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be
about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.
In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its
one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and
Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which
broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of
Sicily appear to be significantly different by the v2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is
not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different
haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to reach about 0.9. The general heterogeneous
composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of
the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.

Attachments:

[djoser-xyyman]

@ Homeylu

Better idea may be stick and NOT lock. That way others can post . Plus refrain from posting "personal" oppinions on the papers. That should be done in an "open" thread.

[djoser-xyyman]

Keita's

Study's and Comments on Ancient Egyptians Biological relationships



oopss!! looks like the size limit is 1MB. The study is 3MB.

27 pages. May have to break up

[djoser-xyyman]

STUDIES IN THE
PALAEOPATHOLOGY
OF EGYPT
SIR MARC ARMAND RUFFER, Kt., C.M.G., M.D.




Another one : 542pages too big

[djoser-xyyman]

The mtDNA Legacy of the Levantine Early Upper
Palaeolithic in Africa

Anna Olivieri, et al.


Sequencing of 81 entire human mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) belonging to haplogroups M1
and U6 reveals that these predominantly North African clades arose in southwestern Asia and
moved together to Africa about 40,000 to 45,000 years ago. Their arrival temporally overlaps with
the event(s) that led to the peopling of Europe by modern humans and was most likely the result
of the same change in climate conditions that allowed humans to enter the Levant, opening the
way to the colonization of both Europe and North Africa. Thus, the early Upper Palaeolithic
population(s) carrying M1 and U6 did not return to Africa along the southern coastal route of the
“out of Africa” exit, but from the Mediterranean area; and the North African Dabban and European
Aurignacian industries derived from a common Levantine source.

Attachments:

[djoser-xyyman]

Craniofacial morphometric traits

Attachments:

[djoser-xyyman]

OT Jewish Ancestry

Attachments:

[djoser-xyyman]

Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics,
Anthropology, and Linguistics1


antonio arnaiz-villena and david lubell2

To discuss these issues, a meeting was held in Madrid,
sponsored by the Fundacio´n de Estudios Gene´ticos y Lingu
¨ ý´sticos, November 16–17, 1998. Participants from the
fields of genetics, archaeology, anthropology, and linguistics
adopted a multidisciplinary approach.
Antonio Arnaiz-Villena (Immunology, Universidad
Complutense, and Fundacio´n de Estudios Gene´ticos y
Lingu¨ ý´sticos, Madrid) presented data suggesting that, according
to the HLA genes (A30-B18), paleo–North Africans
(Berbers) were related to Iberians, including the
Basques. An old genetic substratum in Iberia (marked by
A29-B44) parallels the Rh(-) frequencies and is shared by
western European populations from Ireland, southern
France, and England. Portuguese and Basques show less
Mediterranean HLA gene flow than other Iberians. Furthermore,
eastern Mediterranean populations (Jewish,
Lebanese, Cretan) tend to cluster together, and western
ones (Berber, Spaniards, Portuguese, Algerians, Basques)
also tend to be more similar among themselves when all
of the Mediterranean gene frequencies are compared.
However, all Mediterranean populations cluster together
when compared with Greeks, who represent an outgroup
with a genetic distance similar to that of the Japanese.
Arnaiz-Villena concluded that, in the past few thousand
years and especially in periods of milder climate, there
were circum-Mediterranean contacts and gene flow and
that the Greeks are relatively “recent” Mediterraneans
(pre-Mycenaeans, 2000 b.c.) who conquered the Cretan
empire and adopted its writing (Linear A) and culture
(Arnaiz-Villena et al. 1999).

Berber-speaking people
populated the Canary Islands in prehistoric times; this
has been documented by inscriptions found in caves and
by archaeological data. In the 14th century, Europeans
invaded the Canary Islands, killed (or sold in Iberia) most
of male aborigines (guanches), and mixed with female
aborigines.

[djoser-xyyman]

Do these women complement the ancestral R1b* Africans that are the forefathers of Europeans.



=======
Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups.

Chen YS, Torroni A, Excoffier L, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Wallace DC.

Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.



Abstract
mtDNA sequence variation was examined in 140 Africans, including Pygmies from Zaire and Central African Republic (C.A.R.) and Mandenkalu, Wolof, and Pular from Senegal. More than 76% of the African mtDNAs (100% of the Pygmies and 67.3% of the Senegalese) formed one major mtDNA cluster (haplogroup L) defined by an African-specific HpaI site gain at nucleotide pair (np) 3592. Additional mutations subdivided haplogroup L into two subhaplogroups, each encompassing both Pygmy and Senegalese mtDNAs. A novel 12-bp homoplasmic insertion in the intergenic region between tRNA(Tyr) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes was also observed in 17.6% of the Pygmies from C.A.R. This insertion is one of the largest observed in human mtDNAs. Another 25% of the Pygmy mtDNAs harbored a 9-bp deletion between the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and tRNA(Lys) genes, a length polymorphism previously reported in non-African populations. In addition to haplogroup L, other haplogroups were observed in the Senegalese. These haplogroups were more similar to those observed in Europeans and Asians than to haplogroup L mtDNAs, suggesting that the African mtDNAs without the HpaI np 3592 site could be the ancestral types from which European and Asian mtDNAs were derived. Comparison of the intrapopulation sequence divergence in African and non-African populations confirms that African populations exhibit the largest extent of mtDNA variation, a result that further supports the hypothesis that Africans represent the most ancient human group and that all modern humans have a common and recent African origin. The age of the total African variation was estimated to be 101,000-133,000 years before present (YBP), while the age of haplogroup L was estimated at 98,000-130,000 YBP. These values substantially exceed the ages of all Asian- and European-specific mtDNA haplogroups.