Otzi Alps Iceman Reloaded - Is he North African ?

[djoser-xyyman]

I decided to re-read(2008) this a few days ago after Lioness posted the phenotypic and male lineage study(2010) on the Alps Iceman. I have a better understanding now compared to back then …….and it is growing. Only DNATribes or a company with a large database can answer some of these questions. We will have to wait to see if DNATribes will take this one on.

Keep in mind K1 is found in Africa/Europe/Asia. In fact it is ,<0.05% in modern European lineage.

-----------------From the (2008) study



Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman - Luca Ermini et al

We have then compared it with 115 related extant lineages from mitochondrial haplogroup K. We found that the Iceman belonged to a branch of mitochondrial haplogroup K1 that has not yet been identified in modern European populations.

The Iceman’s mtDNA, therefore, seems to belong to a novel branch of K1, defined by transitions at nucleotide positions 3513 and 8137. To assess the reliability of these two transitions, we checked their distribution throughout the total available complete-mtDNA genome database (as of April 2008). Both mutations, synonymous transitions, occur at low frequency throughout the mtDNA phylogeny and are part of the motif that defines some subhaplogroups, reducing the likelihood of their being phantom mutations . The transition at position 3513 is rare but has been seen previously, having occurred twice in published sequences. It forms part of the subhaplogroup L1c1a2 motif and also specifies, together with a transition at position 8607, the subhaplogroup M1a4

The Iceman’s sequence shares only this mutation with both the L1c1a2 motif and M1a4, excluding any possible identification of mosaic haplotypes.

The transition at position 8137 has been found in samples from Pakistan, India, and the IBERIAN Peninsula. However, all of these samples belong to the major branch of U7 Therefore, again, the transition is known to have occurred during the evolution of the human mtDNA, and it is highly improbable that its presence in the Iceman’s lineage is due to an artifact. As before, the Iceman’s sequence does not show any of the other mutations that define U7, ruling out artificial recombination. The Iceman’s sequence also shares a transition at position 16362 with a single sequence (GenBank number:), belonging to the Family Tree which is the only other paraphyletic K1* complete mtDNA genome found to date: i.e., belonging to K1 but not falling within any of its defined subclades, K1a, K1b, and K1c.

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See Iceman K1 sub-haplogroup in Table 1 from the study. The two novel motifs are found ONLY in Africans. There are two African recombinant motifs in K1.


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[djoser-xyyman]

Now, the above combined with the 2010 Study confirms that the Alps Ice Man has a very very very strong African genetic influence. Remember his confirmed male linage and “actual” autosomal genetic material put him in the realm of either North African, Sardinian or Middle Eastern. He is genetically virtually separate and distinct from CEU/Northern European.

The 2 unique (recombinant)transitions puts him firmly on the African continent. Especially since 3513/L1c1a2 is Biaka, can’t get more African than that. Note I am not saying Ice man is Pygmy or San. I am saying has close genetic ties to Pygmies.

He is to me another example of the continuous wave of Africans migrating into Europe seeing Europe as an African homeland. Sadly they were mostly exterminated and assimilated.

Hopefully Dienkes and DNATrbies and the like will publish on this…using their extensive database. The researchers used databases from FamilyTree DNA(USA) and Genebase(Mostly European) to get some matches and may be ignored DNATribes. DNATribes seem to cover the entire globe. And they are continuously modifying and updating.

[djoser-xyyman]

The real thing...

Long headed African Berber migrant.

[djoser-xyyman]

still researching G2a4. There are a few databases out there ..I am not the only one digging into this.

from Genebase:
======
QUOTE:
Hi Morad,

Are you in the FTDNA G Project? Did you test with 23andMe? I think they may be listing "G2a4" in the wrong way. This might actually be G2a3b1a or G2a1. (They list G2c* as "G2c1" and haven't fixed it yet.)

G2a4 itself actually seems to be Druze, Palestinian, Upper Egyptian, and from Saudi Arabia, in fact quite "Arab" but it doesn't seem to be found north of the Galilee, even in Lebanon. We aren't quite sure though since no one has actually tested these G haplotypes beyond M201, which is just G.


BTW - his male lineage, G2a4, is NOT on the European branch of G2. Researching the North African branch, I came up with nothing. Not published. This is why DNATribes will be helpful

If I get access to DNATribes database I can easily answer the questions. May be DNATribes will be forthright again and do a piece on Alps Iceman.

I have a feeling Underhill/Keller et al already know but will not admit it.

It will shatter the delusion

[djoser-xyyman]

I found another DNA database...FTDNA.

seems like G2a4 is found mostly in North Africa, Southern Europe and Yemen and Ethiopia.

All indication seems to point to a African and "true arabs" origin.

Since Otzi Iceman has the African Biaka motif AND/together with the Iberian/North African motif in his G2a4 HG. Plus G2a4 is NOT on the extant European That would make him a "recent" African migrant. Keeping in mind all AMH leads back to Africa

[djoser-xyyman]

I wrote this more than a year ago. This motif found in pygmies. Here is the latest from Lazaridis et al 2014.

Notice through SNP analyis confirms what I said through mtDNA. This is a strong genetic connection between Otzi and Mbuti(Biaka?). Mbuti are Nilo-Saharans. Significance?

Mar 30, 2013 5:45:11 GMT -5 djoser-xyyman said:

I decided to re-read(2008) this a few days ago after Lioness posted the phenotypic and male lineage study(2010) on the Alps Iceman. I have a better understanding now compared to back then …….and it is growing. Only DNATribes or a company with a large database can answer some of these questions. We will have to wait to see if DNATribes will take this one on.

Keep in mind K1 is found in Africa/Europe/Asia. In fact it is ,<0.05% in modern European lineage.

-----------------From the (2008) study



Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman - Luca Ermini et al

We have then compared it with 115 related extant lineages from mitochondrial haplogroup K. We found that the Iceman belonged to a branch of mitochondrial haplogroup K1 that has not yet been identified in modern European populations.

The Iceman’s mtDNA, therefore, seems to belong to a novel branch of K1, defined by transitions at nucleotide positions 3513 and 8137. To assess the reliability of these two transitions, we checked their distribution throughout the total available complete-mtDNA genome database (as of April 2008). Both mutations, synonymous transitions, occur at low frequency throughout the mtDNA phylogeny and are part of the motif that defines some subhaplogroups, reducing the likelihood of their being phantom mutations . The transition at position 3513 is rare but has been seen previously, having occurred twice in published sequences. It forms part of the subhaplogroup L1c1a2 motif and also specifies, together with a transition at position 8607, the subhaplogroup M1a4

The Iceman’s sequence shares only this mutation with both the L1c1a2 motif and M1a4, excluding any possible identification of mosaic haplotypes.

The transition at position 8137 has been found in samples from Pakistan, India, and the IBERIAN Peninsula. However, all of these samples belong to the major branch of U7 Therefore, again, the transition is known to have occurred during the evolution of the human mtDNA, and it is highly improbable that its presence in the Iceman’s lineage is due to an artifact. As before, the Iceman’s sequence does not show any of the other mutations that define U7, ruling out artificial recombination. The Iceman’s sequence also shares a transition at position 16362 with a single sequence (GenBank number:), belonging to the Family Tree which is the only other paraphyletic K1* complete mtDNA genome found to date: i.e., belonging to K1 but not falling within any of its defined subclades, K1a, K1b, and K1c.

--------------

See Iceman K1 sub-haplogroup in Table 1 from the study. The two novel motifs are found ONLY in Africans. There are two African recombinant motifs in K1.


-------------

[djoser-xyyman]

I am not suggesting Mbuti migrated to the Alps. I am suggesting a close genetics link exist between Otzi and Mbutis. Maybe they have similar ancestors

[djoser-xyyman]

Population genomic analysis of ancient and modern genomes yields new insights into the genetic ancestry of the Tyrolean Iceman and the genetic structure of Europe.

PLoS Genet.

PLoS Genet 2014 May 8;10(5):e1004353. Epub 2014 May 8.

Martin Sikora, Meredith L Carpenter, Andres Moreno-Estrada, Brenna M Henn, Peter A Underhill, Federico Sánchez-Quinto, Ilenia Zara, Maristella Pitzalis, Carlo Sidore, Fabio Busonero, Andrea Maschio, Andrea Angius, Chris Jones, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, Georgi Nekhrizov, Diana Dimitrova, Nikola Theodossiev, Timothy T Harkins, Andreas Keller, Frank Maixner, Albert Zink, Goncalo Abecasis, Serena Sanna, Francesco Cucca, Carlos D Bustamante


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Genome sequencing of the 5,300-year-old mummy of the Tyrolean Iceman, found in 1991 on a glacier near the border of Italy and Austria, has yielded new insights into his origin and relationship to modern European populations. A key finding of that study was an apparent recent common ancestry with individuals from Sardinia, based largely on the Y chromosome haplogroup and common autosomal SNP variation. Here, we compiled and analyzed genomic datasets from both modern and ancient Europeans, including genome sequence data from over 400 Sardinians and two ancient Thracians from Bulgaria, to investigate this result in greater detail and determine its implications for the genetic structure of Neolithic Europe. Using whole-genome sequencing data, we confirm that the Iceman is, indeed, most closely related to Sardinians. Furthermore, we show that this relationship extends to other individuals from cultural contexts associated with the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic transition, in contrast to individuals from a hunter-gatherer context. We hypothesize that this genetic affinity of ancient samples from different parts of Europe with Sardinians represents a common genetic component that was geographically widespread across Europe during the Neolithic, likely related to migrations and population expansions associated with the spread of agriculture.