Where are they now ?- Natufian/Neolithic Farmers

[djoser-xyyman]

Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands - Eva Fernandez(June2014)

Looking at this piece of work. It is becoming frustrating when researchers deliberately mis-lead , lie and omit data to perpetuate their belief. What Eva Fernanadez has done is split up mtDNA Haplogroup – K into sub-haplogroups in order to effect the illusion of the Jewish group bearing close affinity with the Neolithics. Then she creates a circus act using frequency rather than genetic similarity to delude into Ashkenazi connection to the Neolithic. The only connection that Ashkenazi has to the Neolithics is through hg-K. She did NOT do the same for the other haplogroups eg R0, and L3 ie create sub-groups. She however did admit that R0(large quantities in the Neolithics) is prevalent in North Africa and just across from Africa in Southern Arabia. Being approximately 6% on both sides.

Anyways – the other important point is, taken together, only four groups have very close haplogroup/haplotype affinity to the Neolithic Farmers. They are Afro-Qataris, Yemenese, Afro-Iranians and Turks. The Turk has the edge because of the African haplogroup L3.
What is startling is : NO INDIGENOUS MAGHREB POPULATION WAS INCLUDED!!! WHY?

The other important point – The Neolithics from the Levant lacked any hg-N*. This led the authors to conclude the Neolthics entered Europe from several sources populations and direction. Not necessarily the Levant. N* is found in …North Africa.

[djoser-xyyman]

First the pictures.

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Now the verbal analysis.

Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands - Eva Fernandez(June2014)




The genetic impact associated to the Neolithic spread in Europe has been widely debated over the last 20 years.. However, the lack of available data from the original Near Eastern farmers has limited the achieved conclusions, preventing the formulation of continental models of Neolithic expansion. Here we address this issue by presenting mitochondrial DNA data of the original Near-Eastern Neolithic communities with the aim of providing the adequate background for the interpretation of Neolithic genetic data from European samples. Sixty-three skeletons from the Pre Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) sites of Tell Halula, Tell Ramad and Dja’de El Mughara dating between 8,700–6,600 cal. B.C. were analyzed, and 15 validated mitochondrial DNA profiles were recovered. In order to estimate the demographic contribution of the first farmers to both Central European and Western Mediterranean Neolithic cultures, haplotype and haplogroup


As a result, the misidentification of genetic variants associated to the Neolithic spread and the effect of post-Neolithic expansions in the genetic make-up of Europe could have introduced important biases in the estimations of the Neolithic component of the European gene pool producing misleading conclusions [22].

In order to examine the genetic background existing in the first Neolithic communities and its impact over the European genetic pool, we have studied 3 archaeological sites in Syria located in two geographic areas in which agricultural practices were first documented: the middle Euphrates valley and the oasis of Damascus (Figure 1). These sites are dated back to the Prepottery Neolithic B period (PPNB). It is during this initial Neolithic

Haplotype composition Reproducible mtDNA HVS1 sequences were obtained from 15 out of 63 skeletons from the archaeological sites of Tell Halula and Tell Ramad (Table 1). The alignments of both the direct sequences and the clones are presented in Table S3.



Sequences have been deposited in Genbank (http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/genbank) with accession numbers KF601411- KF601425.

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Shared haplotype analysis The complete haplotypes were compared to a database of 9,821 mtDNA profiles from 59 modern populations from the Near East and South Eastern Europe and 2 Early Neolithic populations from Central Europe (LBK-AVK Neolithic, [24]) and North Eastern Iberia (Cardial/Epicardial Neolithic, [27]) (see Figure S1 and Table S4). Haplogroup affiliation was also considered in the haplotype search. The number and percentage of shared haplotypes between the PPNB population and the populations in the database plus the number and percentage of individuals from each population carrying PPNB are presented in Table S5. Figure 2 The remaining haplotypes had a very limited geographic distribution, being only documented in 1 individual from Bulgaria (16311C-K); 3 individuals from Turkey, Qatar and Yemen 16223T-L3); 4 Irani, Karakalpak, Turkish and Bedouin individuals (16256T-H) and 3 Druze from Israel (16224C 16311C 16366T-K).

Haplogroup K was the most prevalent, (N = 6, 42.8%) followed by R0 (N= 3, 21.42%) and H (N= 2, 14.28%).

The observed haplogroup frequencies were compared to those of 59 modern populations from the Near East and South Eastern Europe and 2 Early Neolithic populations from Central Europe (LBK-AVK Neolithic, [24]) and North Eastern Iberia (Cardial/Epicardial Neolithic, [27]) (N =11,610) (Table S7). Haplogroup K was present in almost all populations compared, and its mean frequency in South Eastern Europe and the Near East was around 7%. It reached its highest frequencies in certain populations that have experienced recent population bottlenecks, such as the Askhenazi Jews and the Csa´ngo´ in Transylvania, Romania [33,34] and also among Greek Cypriots. Moreover, it was also highly represented in both Cardial/Epicardial (15.56%) and LBK-AVK (23.08%) Early Neolithic datasets. Haplogroup R0 is especially prevalent in the Near East and North Africa with a mean frequency in both regions around 6%. The maximum frequencies of R0 were detected in South Arabian populations such as Bedouin, Oman and Saudi Arabia (Table S7). The rare European haplogroups U* and N* were also detected in 2 individuals in our ancient sample. The mean frequency of haplogroup U* is 2% in the Near East, 0.9% in the Caucasus region and around 1% in Europe, whereas the N* mean frequency is less than 1% in all three datasets. However, both haplogroups reach peaks of frequency in certain populations, such as such as haplogroup U* in Crete. The case of N* is especially interesting, because apart from Bulgaria, Crete, Romania and Serbia it was only represented in Near Eastern populations (

Finally, the skeleton H8 belonged to the African L3 lineage, this being the most prevalent African haplogroup found in present-day Near Eastern populations..

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Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering
Principal Component Analysis with Hierarchical Clustering (PCA-HCA) was used to compare mean haplogroup frequencies of our dataset (Table S7) with the other populations of the database. Details about the method can be found in Table S8.

Modern mtDNA Near Eastern variability as a proxy of Near Eastern Neolithic variability
In the present research, ancient DNA results from the original human Near Eastern Neolithic communities are presented, to our knowledge, for the first time.

All the detected haplotypes but one -the basal node of haplogroup K- have a null or limited distribution in the modern genetic pool, suggesting that a great bulk of ancient Neolithic lineages were not integrated into their succeeding populations or were erased by subsequent population movements in the region. This is in agreement with previous observations from other Early Neolithic populations [27,46], and underlines the importance of genetic drift processes at the beginning of the Neolithic [16]. Nevertheless, the multi-population comparative analyses performed here also suggest that certain population isolates of

These findings suggest that (1) late Neolithic or post-Neolithic demographic processes rather than the original Neolithic expansion might have been responsible for the current distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups J, T1 and U3 in Europe and the Near East and (2) lineages with Late Paleolithic coalescent times might have played an important role in the Neolithic expansive process. The first suggestion alerts against the use of modern Near Eastern populations as representative of the genetic stock of the first Neolithic farmers while the second will be explored in depth in the following section.

Haplogroup N1a, representing 12.75% of LBK-AVK samples [19,24], is not present in our PPNB sample, making it unlikely that this cluster was introduced from the earliest PPNB farmers of this region [23]. A more complex pattern for the LBK-AVK Neolithic expansion route, involving migration and admixture episodes with local hunter-gatherers in frontier zones (for example the predecessor populations of Starcˇevo-Cris¸-Ko¨ro¨s cultures) should be considered in order to explain the available data for Neolithic populations of Central and Northern Europe. To solve this uncertainty, ancient DNA analysis from the Balkans region seems of vital importance.

[djoser-xyyman]

Notice ALL the matching populations carry hg-K(grey). hg-K therefore has to be ignored.

That leaves Orange and Red. The African L3 makes the difference...of course along with hg-H . The resolution of hg-H was NOT disclosed.

Since R0 has a high frequency in Africa and Southern Arabia further investigation needs to be done. R0 is the next highest haplogroup in the Neolithics after "ALL the across populations" hg-K.

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Quote: Haplogroup R0 is especially prevalent in the Near East and North Africa with a mean frequency in both regions around 6%

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See the correlation? Anyone?

Sub-Saharan admixture = Neolithic Farmers

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They interbred with the indigenous hunter gatherers in Europe and nearly vanished by the late Neolithic or Bronze Age.

"[T]he interbreeding of the incoming Neolithic people with the in situ foragers diluted the Sub-Saharan traces that may have come with the Neolithic spread so that no discoverable element of that remained."
- Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006), "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form", PNAS 103 (1): 242–247.

"In my own skeletal samples from Greece I note apparent negroid nose and mouth traits in two of fourteen Early Neolithic (sixth millennium B.C.), only two or three more among 364 from fifth to second millennium B.C., one among 113 Early Iron Age, one or two among 233 Classic and Hellenistic skeletons"
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1972.74.1-2.02a01370/pdf

[djoser-xyyman]

I have to give Ben his props for putting me onto this article. It is difficult to get my hands on work from L Angel. . “The People of Lerna” was the only one I can get my hands on. Investigating “live” data on the ancient Greeks is like breaking the atomic code. It is tightly kept.

But here goes- from L Angel



Reviewed by J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
Smithsonian Institution

Greek and Roman lands ……(Larry Angel)

186) “Even though we cannot state, in the manner of modern sociologists and historians, the ratio of blacks to whites in either Greece or Italy, we can say that Ethiopians were by no means few or rare sights and that their presence, whatever their numbers, constituted no color problem.” He stresses Classical (for example Hippocratic) curiosity about race contrasts of pale blond Scythians and Ethiopians burnt black by the sun, and about race mixture, citing Aristotle for his biological descriptions of heredity and Plutarch’s story of a black baby born to the white granddaughter of an Ethiopian. He quotes Curt Stern to support his conclusion that Negroes disappeared in Greek and Roman populations through mixture.


IN MY OWN SKELETAL SAMPLES from Greece I note apparent negroid nose and mouth traits in two of fourteen Early Neolithic (sixth millennium B.C.),

-only two or three more among 364 from fifth to second millennium B.C.,
-one among 113 Early Iron Age,
-one or two among 233 Classic and Hellenistic skeletons, but
-four clear Negroids (all from one area of Early Christian Corinth) among ninety-five Roman period,
- two among eightyfive Medieval, and of course
- ten among fiftytwo Turkish period Greeks, yet
-none among 202 of Romantic (nineteenth century) date.

I know of no similar data for Italy and no systematic analysis of the quite frequent Negroid traits in Egyptian skeletons.


Hellenistic skeletons"
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1972.74.1-2.02a01370/pdf

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The earliest modern humans from Greece are from Franchthi Cave, and date only around 10,000 years back.

"It would be nice to know if the Franchthi Neolithic people were mainly intruders, as apparently at Nea Nikomedeia where there are negroid African as well as Levantine and Anatolian similarities plus local Mesolithic additions (massive Alpine and Basic White). But at Franchthi we have only four skulls and two of these are of children. The children 11 Fr and 12 Fr are apparently Basic White-Mediterranean
and could derive from either an eastern (e.g. Natufian) or local Mesolithic origin; but child skulls are hard to compare with adult norms. The 33-year old female from Paralia, 18 Fr, is more clearly a rugged Basic White, more linear but in general comparable with Mesolithic 1 Fr, 2 Fr and 3 Fr in short face and low orbits with heavy browridges and some alveolar projection; this is also a somewhat warped
and fragmentary skull without lower jaw. The 16- or 17-year old 31 Fr has a large, high and brachycrane ovoid skull vault with full forehead above a fairly large and broad almost square face with large wide orbits; in this E2 (Mixed Alpine) complex she is like some at Qatal Hiuyiik and the smaller female (No. 3) at late Upper Paleolithic Hotu; and in alveolar prognathism, broadish nose, orbits, and wide jaw ramus she is like the Nea Nikomedeia people and 242 Ler from Late Neolithic Lerna."
www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/hesperia/147518.pdf

Note that 'basic whites' are not your average white person at all. They're very robust people with heavy jaw and wide nose.

[djoser-xyyman]

A true Bedioun during the 1800's

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a true Arab woman, 1800's

[djoser-xyyman]

Africans also have a pro-long existence in the Levant. West Africans in the Levant. This confirms the presence of the Yoruban proxy and connection with Yoruba.(Lazarids et al.)
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1.0 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AT THE ANCIENT NEOLITHIC SITE OF TELL HALULA(LEVANT)

Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish familiar relationship among individuals buried at different archaeological phases and houses from the Neolithic site of Tell Halula (Syria, 8800 B.P.). Sixty-six samples belonging to 50 different individuals were studied, and a fragment of 300 bp of mitochondrial DNA HVRI was amplified in the whole sample. It was possible to recover 20 authenticated mitochondrial DNA sequences (30,7%) in the analyzed sample. The obtained mitochondrial DNA results suggest possible relationships not only among individuals buried into different archaeological phases of the same house but also through different houses from different archaeological phases. These results point at an homogeneous population structure of this Neolithic community. The amount of recovered sequences indicates the extent of preservation of critical samples in a dry and hot soil.

Introduction
A Tell – meaning “hill” – is an archaeological site resulting from accumulation of material deposited by human occupation over a long time. Human occupation in the archaeological site of Tell Halula, Syria, is thought to have persisted from 7800 B.C. to 5500 B.P. At the Neolithic levels of the site human burials were placed together at the southern part of the house even while it was occupied. Whenever houses fell down, they were re-built in the same place [1]. Both the tomb distribution inside houses and the site architecture suggest that first Neolithic villages, like Tell Halula, were populated by very close-related communities. This assumption is very difficult to test, however, by looking at the archaeological information alone. The aim of this study was to test the former hypothesis by using ancient DNA techniques.

Fig. 1 summarizes the distribution of the obtained mitochondrial haplotypes (+16000). Dash lines indicate partial sequences of the first (haplotype-) or the second (-haplotype) fragment. Coincident haplotypes (with same color) indicate possible relationships among individuals. Only one complete haplotype (16224C) was shared between two individuals of two different houses. However, other matches were found among partial and complete haplotypes in seven cases, highlighted in different colors at Fig. 2. All the recovered haplotypes belong to major (insert POSSIBLY!!!)European haplogroups except for H37 and also probably H43, which could be assigned to West-African haplogroup L2a [2].