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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 28, 2016 14:55:49 GMT -5
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 28, 2016 15:46:33 GMT -5
Again this excerpt proves my point. Bottleneck increases with movement away from Africa(central). Consistent with IBD.
We also NOW know that the “European” version of LCT can be found SSA. But here they are misleading the readers. Added to that Africans carry ***ALL*** version of LCT variants found world –wide as well as version only found IN Africa. They are BSing in this paper. Someone is not keep up-to-date in their field of population genetics.
Quote: (1) Egyptians had a population bottleneck that was much more pronounced than that of other Africans but not as sharp as that of Eurasian populations; and (2) the Toubou and Ethiopians shared a very similar pattern during the bottleneck: they were close to other Africans but had a somewhat sharper decrease in population size (Figure 2). We would not expect such different fluctuations in population sizes at 60,000 ya in populations who shared a common origin during this period. For example, all Eurasians trace their origin to a population who exited Africa ~60,000 ya, and this is reflected in indistinguishable Ne patterns during this period,20,33 which we also observed in the CEU, Greeks, and Lebanese (Figure 2), as expected. A shared pattern of Ne in ancient times was also observed in the Sara, Laal speakers, and other Africans, such as the Yoruba. We suggest that the deviation from the expected Ne pattern in the Toubou is related to extensive admixture history with Eurasians, like the Eurasian admixture seen in Ethiopians, and we explore this possibility directly with admixture tests below.
Quote” we found signals of selection on MCM6 (MIM: 601806) rs4988235, a variant associated with the lactase-persistence phenotype. This SNP was previously found to be under strong positive selection in Europeans, where it was probably advantageous to individuals living in pastoralist societies. The frequency of this variant in the Toubou is 2%, and it is absent from the sub-Saharan African and other Chadic samples (the Sara and Laal speakers)***** examined here****.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 28, 2016 15:53:54 GMT -5
Keep in mind I am making these post for newbies and readers who are interested in resolving and understanding what happened in the past. The picture spammers and Youtubers are of no interest to me as well as people with limited intelligence and only interested in dogma. I am open to any challengers.
Peace out!!
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 29, 2016 9:42:16 GMT -5
In summary. The paper only has a few NEW revelation.
1. We already know that some researchers erroneously and deliberately use high frequency to assume point of origin when it is convenient to their political and racialist views. Also they follow the TREND and make assumptions like, R-V88 is Eurasian in origin. If they following the trend and assume high frequency determines origin then yDNA hg-T is of Chadian origin since highest frequency is found in Chad Africa. Lol! Right?! But when is convenient they would avoid that to uphold their Eurocentric views.
2. So ignoring these false claims with no proof being provided. Let us move forward and look at NEW revelation....if any.
3. We know that R-V88 is found through tropical West Africa even amongst the Pygmies. But this is the first I have seen where it is found in deep in Central Sahara Africa in Chad. So yes, R-V88 is wide spread but seems to be absent or rare in Eastern Africa. So can we assume R1b is not of East African origin. Maybe it is of Central African origin
4. Again there seem to be an older and more ancient connection between Central and West Africa to Europe than East Africa irregardless to "features" as these racialist seem to propose.
5. This paper again shows there is a clear GRADIENT in alleles associated with Eurasians as we move out towards Eurasia from Africa consistent with Isolation By Distance. A continuum.
6. There was no "back-migration'. There never was. No proof was provided in the paper demonstrating back-migration of R-V88. There was only speculation by the authors based on previous work by Cruciani et al which has since been debunked and proven wrong. Sourced here on ESR. High resolution analysis of R-V88 has shown highest diversity decreases outwards from inner Africa.
7. Essentially the authors starts off with the assumption that R-V88 is Eurasian based upon Cruciani's work. Then used high frequency of autosomal SNP assigned and labeled "Eurasian" to assume the Chadians have Eurasian AIM. The DATING method is determined by Linkage Disequilibrium(LD). And to their surprise they found out Chadians has an older connection to Europe than Europeans to Ethiopians!!! This is consistent with the recent papers by Lazaridis on Natufians and Basal Eurasians. The migration was NOT through the middle East or Levant to Europe. Just as many other research papers has shown. The connection is Tropical Africa-Sahara-indigenous North Africans- Southern Europe-North Europe. Essentially there were TWO major waves of migration. The data from this paper confirms that.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 29, 2016 11:32:33 GMT -5
As most genetic studies have shown. Europeans carry more African ancestry than Asian ancestry. @ K2 the SNPs are divided into TWO categories (unsupervised). As is displayed it is a continuum. Yellow increases away from Africa. Europeans carry more red(African) than yellow(East Asian). Notice also this is only about 90 SNPs used in the study not 1000's-millions as what is normally included . At K3 there is more differentiation again some Africans and Europeans share ancestry.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 30, 2016 9:27:49 GMT -5
Quote Subsequent studies dealing with the MSY diversity in Africa have confirmed the presence of R-P25*(xM269) in northern Cameroon at high frequencies 23 and, at lower frequencies (mean 5%, range 0–20%), of R-P25* immediately south of Cameroon, in several populations from Gabon.25 Interestingly, chromosomes of haplogroup R-P25/R-M173, ancestral for M269 as well as for other ‘EURASIAN’ DOWNSTREAM MARKERS, have been found to be present in northern Africa (1% in Algeria, 4% in Tunisia, and 2–4% in Egypt).20,23,26 The presence of R-P25 Y chromosomes has also been reported in population groups from the Sudan;27 however, as no internal markers were typed, the sub-haplogroup affiliation of these chromosomes remains undefined. To shed some light on the past demographic processes that determined the present distribution of R-P25* in Africa, we searched for new MSY mutations refining the phylogeny of haplogroup R1b, and surveyed a wide range of African populations (4180 males from 69 populations) for the presence of the R1b haplogroup. More than 3500 subjects from Europe and Asia were also analyzed for the same haplogroup to obtain a better insight into the Asia-to-Africa back migration associated with this haplogroup. Read more: egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/1458/white-males#ixzz4RVBlQayN
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 30, 2016 9:30:30 GMT -5
Let me clarify....... The above study is stating that the ancestral form of European R-M269 is found in Africa!!!!!!! How did I miss that? !!! It is found at the 3 exit points FROM Africa to Europe/Eurasia. Iberia/Morocco//Tunisia/Siwa/Bedouins
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 30, 2016 10:24:34 GMT -5
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Nov 30, 2016 10:38:40 GMT -5
So what does all I posted all mean? Simple. The overwhelming evidence is at high resolution R1b-M269 is older in Southern Europe and North Africa than in Northern Europe. Consistent with a continuum and possible origin in Africa(R1b-M269-V88 is absent or rare in East Africans or Ethiopians). This paper by Spencer Wells and his crew did NOT use the same methodology of high resolution analysis of R1b-V88. They assumed R1b is of European/Asian origin based upon OLD research papers then from there went on to analyze results they ACTUALLY have data on through AIM/SNP. They used LD to assign ancient connections between Africa and Europe. There is nothing earth shattering about this new paper.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 10, 2017 19:50:56 GMT -5
I haven’t read the full study but I am getting so good at this I don’t need to . The abstract alone tells me the story. So R-V88 is older in Africans vs Europeans. That they admit and the data shows. Now here comes the spin. So they switched from uniparental markers to autosomal markers to infer back migration. Why? Because they cannot prove R-V88 is older in Europeans compared to Africans. So without uniparental proof they need to introduce a new goal post. …yes, autosomal markers.
Mansa Musa, did I strike gold again? I have been saying this for over 4 years. The chicken is coming home to roost .
Also they are now trying to explain WHY Neanderthal ancestry was NOT observed in Africans by the racist Paabo and Reich. Yes, The chicken is coming home to roost .
BTW there are a few papers out showing R1b-V88 was widespread in late mid-Neolithic Europe. Why I get time I will post.
---- Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations.
Abstract Understanding human genetic diversity in Africa is important for interpreting the evolution of all humans, yet vast regions in Africa, such as Chad, remain genetically poorly investigated. Here, we use genotype data from 480 samples from Chad, the Near East, and southern Europe, as well as whole-genome sequencing from 19 of them, to show that many populations today derive their genomes from ancient African-Eurasian admixtures. We found evidence of early Eurasian backflow to Africa in people speaking the unclassified isolate Laal language in southern Chad and estimate from linkage-disequilibrium decay that this occurred 4,750-7,200 years ago. It brought to Africa a Y chromosome lineage (R1b-V88) whose closest relatives are widespread in present-day Eurasia; we estimate from sequence data that the Chad R1b-V88 Y chromosomes coalesced 5,700-7,300 years ago. This migration could thus have originated among Near Eastern farmers during the African Humid Period. We also found that the previously documented Eurasian backflow into Africa, which occurred ∼3,000 years ago and was thought to be mostly limited to East Africa, had a more westward impact affecting populations in northern Chad, such as the Toubou, who have 20%-30% Eurasian ancestry today. We observed a decline in heterozygosity in admixed Africans and found that the Eurasian admixture can bias inferences on their coalescent history and confound genetic signals from adaptation and archaic introgression.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 10, 2017 19:51:51 GMT -5
To those who don't get it. They are desperately trying to explain away "Eurasian" genes in Sun-Saharan Africa. No! I take that back! They know it is NOT from outside Africa. They are trying to mislead the public ...again.
Quote: “Guanche population since the first European chroniclers started writing about them, misleading and pseudo-scientific information is sometimes fed to the public and accepted as fact. It is the responsibility of scientists to provide society with evidence and help providing insight to differentiate what is fact and what is myth. This project will allow us to keep answering those questions with state-of-the-art methods in the field.”
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 10, 2017 19:54:32 GMT -5
I guess you did not read it either. Now I have.
Quote: “We estimate that the Eurasian R1b lineages initially diverged 7,300–9,400 ya, at the time of ****the Neolithic expansions****. However, we found that the African and Eurasian R1b lineages diverged 17,900–23,000 ya, suggesting that genetic structure was already established between the groups who expanded to Europe and Africa. R1b-V88 was previously found in Central and West Africa”
explain this to me. And don’t let that VMAT1 gene get the better of you!
Also this.
“The Toubou, despite their Islamic faith, do not show the genetic admixture detected in many Near Eastern and North African populations around 1,100 ya” “Eurasian backflow into Africa thus appears to have been a recurrent event in the history of many Africans, given its considerable impact on their genomes” “This suggests that R1b penetrated Africa independently of the Afro-asiatic language spread or passed to other groups through admixture”
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 10, 2017 20:02:46 GMT -5
posted by Ish at ES
==
quote: Nevertheless, Villabruna 1, more then the majority of his contemporaries, retains climatic adaptation typical of the ancestral African population.
quote: These data suggest that while Villabruna 1 retains more ancestral condition indicative of African origin than its contemporaries, this specimen fits well in the microevolutionary process that affected European Upper Paleolithic populations leading to the progressive acquisition of body proportions typical of temperate regions.
quote: However, mitocondrial DNA analyses carried out on prehistoric human remains from this region highlighted in Villabruna 1 a sequence not observed in contemporary European populations (Di Benedetto et al., 2000), raising the possibility of genetic discontinuity between the last hunter-gatherers from the Alps and subsequent populations.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Jul 10, 2017 20:05:36 GMT -5
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