ancient U6 and U5 and M1 in Africa to Europe

[djoser-xyyman]

QUOTE]Originally posted by xyyman:
[QB] One of the few “honest” European?


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Early Holocenic and Historic mtDNA African Signatures in the Iberian Peninsula: The Andalusian Region as a Paradigm - Candela L. Hernández1

Abstract
Determining the timing, identity and direction of migrations in the Mediterranean Basin, the
role of “migratory routes” in and among regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, and the effects
of sex-specific behaviors of population movements have important implications for our
understanding of the present human genetic diversity. A crucial component of the Mediterranean
world is its westernmost region. Clear features of transcontinental ancient contacts
between North African and Iberian populations surrounding the maritime region of Gibraltar
Strait have been identified from archeological data. The attempt to discern origin and dates
of migration between close geographically related regions has been a challenge in the field
of uniparental-based population genetics. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have been
focused on surveying the H1, H3 and V lineages when trying to ascertain north-south migrations,
and U6 and L in the opposite direction, assuming that those lineages are good proxies
for the ancestry of each side of the Mediterranean. To this end, in the present work we have
screened entire mtDNA sequences belonging to U6, M1 and L haplogroups in Andalusians
—from Huelva and Granada provinces—and Moroccan Berbers. We present here pioneer
data and interpretations on the role of NW Africa and the Iberian Peninsula regarding the
time of origin, number of founders and expansion directions of these specific markers. The
estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with
other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa
to Iberia in the *****Early Holocene****. Still, founder analysis highlights that the high sharing of lineages
between North Africa and Iberia results from a complex process continued through time, impairing simplistic interpretations. In particular, our work supports the existence of an
ancient, frequently denied, bridge connecting the Maghreb and Andalusia.

[djoser-xyyman]

Quote:

radiations, and a few Near Eastern and Egyptian sequences. Inside the U6a3b cluster and its
derivative U6a3b1, mainly Iberian and Maghreb sequences are observed and they show close
relationships. The U6c (9.9 ky [5.0–15.0]) and U6d (12.0 ky [6.9–17.3]) are present in Iberia,
Europe and North Africa at low frequencies. U6a5 (12.0 ky [7.5–16.6]) is common in sub-Saharan
Africa and is present in Tunisia and Italy (two of the six samples are from Sicily) indicating
a possible route FROM Tunisia INTO Italy even though Tunisian and Italian samples are not in
the same sub-branch. Nonetheless, these findings could be related to the destruction of Carthage
(149–146 BC) or the Islamic expansion in Sicily (902–1091). U6a7a (7.0 ky [2.4–11.7])
and U6b (11.3 ky [7.7–15.0]) have basal branches everywhere in North Africa, Iberia, Near
East and Atlantic sub-Saharan Africa. U6a7 branches have been interestingly linked to

Coalescent ages for the L-sub-haplogroups (L1, L2 and L3) are shown in the schematic L
tree (Fig 3). The main L input in Europe corresponds to L1b, which is the youngest branch
(35.8 ky [17.7–55.0]) of its parental clade L1 (138.4 ky [103.5–174.2]) and is contemporaneous
with that of the U6 haplogroup. Based on the composition of L1b inside its L1 complete phylogenetic
tree (S3 Dataset), western African branches *****PREVAIL***** even though some interesting radiations
towards northern latitudes are visible.

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

These are images clearer. Notice Africans carry the more BASAL form of U6*, even sub-saharans. Also Europeans carry the more downstream clades. That is why it makes sense for the ancient "EuroAsian" to carry the more BASAL U6* >30ya. The downstream mutations did not "occur" as yet. These are ancient African migrating to Eurasia.

When and if they do a similar analysis with U5b/a. The same pattern will be observed. This is not rocket science. There was no "back-migration".

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

[djoser-xyyman]

The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective - Boris Malyarchuk

Abstract
It is generally accepted??? that the most ancient European mitochondrial haplogroup, U5, has evolved essentially in Europe. To
resolve the phylogeny of this haplogroup, we completely sequenced 113 mitochondrial genomes (79 U5a and 34 U5b) of
central and eastern Europeans (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Russians and Belorussians), and reconstructed a detailed
phylogenetic tree, that incorporates previously published data. Molecular dating suggests that the coalescence time
estimate for the U5 is ,25–30 thousand years (ky), and ,16–20 and ,20–24 ky for its subhaplogroups U5a and U5b,
respectively. Phylogeographic analysis reveals that expansions of U5 subclusters started earlier in central and southern
Europe, than in eastern Europe. In addition, during the Last Glacial Maximum central Europe (probably, the Carpathian
Basin) apparently represented the area of intermingling between human flows from refugial zones in the Balkans, the
Mediterranean coastline and the Pyrenees. Age estimations amounting for many U5 subclusters in eastern Europeans to
,15 ky ago and less are consistent with the view that during the Ice Age eastern Europe was an inhospitable place for
modern humans.

QUOTE
Therefore, we provide here new information concerning the phylogeny of hg U5 in eastern
European populations based on complete mtDNA variability data in Russians, Belorussians, Poles, Czechs and Slovaks, and
compare these data with those obtained from western European populations

It has been previously suggested that subcluster U5b1b1 reached northern Europe from an Iberian source, via central/
eastern Europe, in the post-LGM times, sometime after ,15 kya [5],[10]. Tambets et al. [10] have noted the considerable diversity
of the U5b1b1 subcluster in western and southern Europe, suggesting that these regions, rather than eastern Europe, were the
probable place of origin of U5b1b1. Analysis of complete mitochondrial U5b-genomes indicates that the origin of the whole
U5b1 subcluster can be associated with southern and central parts of Europe, because each part of U5b1-phylogeny demonstrates the
presence of earlier subclusters of Mediterranean prevalence (such as U5b1b1b, U5b1b1d, U5b1b1e, U5b1c, U5b1d), ***ALONG*** with a
central European cluster (U5b1a, U5b1b1c, U5b1e) (Figure 1, Figure S2). Among these, subcluster U5b1e is mainly present in
central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians (Table S2). The rare subcluster U5b1a has been detected
in Mediterranean, southeastern and central European populations, such as Italians, Greeks, Bosnians, Croatians, Slovaks,
Hungarians (Table S2). The most ancient identified subhaplogroup, U5b2, requires further phylogeographic studies. However the data presented here
allow us to suggest that at least subcluster U5b2a is characterized by a predominantly central European distribution, since a large
number of U5b samples from Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic fall into this subcluster (Figure 1). For instance,
subcluster U5b2a2 is frequent in central Europe (with the highest frequency of its subcluster U5b2a2a1 in Poles) and dated as arising
between 12–18 kya, depending on the mutation rate used (Table 1). It is also remarkable that within U5b2a1a, a
Mediterranean branch precedes subcluster U5b2a1a1, which is characteristic of central and eastern European populations
(Figure 1). Another U5b subcluster, U5b3, has its most likely homeland in the Italian Peninsula, from where it expanded in the
Holocene along the Mediterranean coasts [11]. Hence, in general one may conclude that an initial diversification of U5b occurred in
southern and central Europe, followed by the spread of a particular U5b subclusters into eastern Europe.
Subhaplogroup U5a appears to be younger than U5b, and its two subclusters, U5a1 and U5a2, expanded soon after the LGM.
Subcluster U5a2 is relatively frequent in central and eastern Europe, but some haplotypes within U5a2b were detected in
Mediterranean populations as well (Italians, Tunisians) (Figure 1, Figure S1). Subcluster U5a1 is also present in different populations


,20–24 ky have been found for ancestors of subhaplogroups U5b and U5b2, which most probably were originated in southern and
central part of Europe, because the majority of such haplotypes were revealed in Czechs, Slovaks and Poles and in the
Mediterranean populations, based on a set of population data analyzed in the present study (Figure 1, Figure S2).







Tambets K, Rootsi The western and eastern roots of the Saami – the story of genetic ‘‘outliers’’ told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes

[djoser-xyyman]

[africurious]

Tx for posting. It's refreshing to read the Hernandez et al study and see geneticists acknowledging an L haplogroup (L1b) as having been brought to Iberia by african emigres in ancient times as opposed to the usual racial assumption of during the "subsaharan slave trade". It's funny but I don't think i've ever seen geneticists identify any genes of european origin in africa or the "middle east" as having come from the slave trade even though everyone knows a crap load of slaves came to these areas from eastern europe and the caucasus. The study also places U6 as having an ancient presence in western africa including "subsaharan" regions and didn't say u6 got to subsahara due to mixing with "berbers". I'd been waiting for more objective geneticists (unlike Henn, for example) to weigh in on these matters, finally!