"North Africans are a mixture of ancestral populations related to current Africans and Eurasians with more affinity towards the out-of-Africa populations than to sub-Saharan Africans."
Post by djoser-xyyman on Dec 15, 2016 11:12:02 GMT -5
This is an old paper but I am glad I took another rlook at it. Did I find the smoking gun? I always speculated that R1b older or upstream in Africans compared to Europeans. Here you go, Fig-S2 R1b or upstream is older in Africans.
Now to address your question. Look at Fig-S4. Showing direction of migration.
No doubted Indigenous North Africans carry Eurasian Ancestry. The question is was it due to admixture due to Eurasians "back-migrating" to North Africa or was it a continuum as displayed by Isolation by Distance. In other words increase in frequency as migration moves AWAY from Africa. Clearly it is a continuum. Increase in frequency as distance from Africa increases.
TreemIx is used to indentify "secondary" migration AFTER the first OOA(shown as black lines). The colored line in TreeMix shows 2nd and 3rd waves etc. Yoruba(or similar group) carried this secondary wave , most likely Neolithics.
Also SHARED ancestry means ONLY that...SHARED!!!!. It does not mean two population mixing to form a new one. Although sometimes that may be the case.. It means common ancestry with similar DNA.
Taureg are MORE North African than Modern Egyptians. North Africans are indigenous Africans. Estbalished during the Paleolithic.
They are also suggesting that AMH left Africa THROUGH North Africa and NOT East Africa
Here are some imprtant quoptes from the paper. ========= QUOTE Recent genome-wide analysis of North Africans found Substantial shared ancestry with the Middle East, and to a lesser extent sub-Saharan Africa and Europe (see Figure S1 for a geographical description of the region).
mtDNA variations showed an East-West cline accompanied by a genetic *****discontinuity ****on the Libyan/Egyptian border, suggesting a differential gene flow in the Nile River Valley [45].
Tunisians (Chenini-Douiret Berbers) Show older dates and appear to have Paleolithic common ancestors with other North Africans. Population structure within North Africa starts with the splitting of Egypt around 2,800 ya. Tuareg split next from North Africans around 1,900 ya, followed by the remaining North Africans splitting around 1,000-1,300 ya.
We constructed trees that infer population relationships using TreeMix [62]. This
All North Africans except Tunisians appear admixed from an ancestral population to Yoruba. For figure clarity, we show plot m= 6 and the migration edges weights
All North Africans except Tunisians appear to be a mixture of populations related to Yoruba and Eurasians (Basque and Lebanese Christians). Tunisians, Yoruba, Basque, and Lebanese Christians
Although recent cultural expansions from the Middle East, like the Islamic expansion, ***could/possible**** have introduced new lineages to North Africa and facilitated admixture between populations from both regions, our results show that the North African component mostly formed much earlier. This is shown in the admixture tests where Basque and Lebanese Christians but not Lebanese Muslims formed potential source populations to North Africans. In particular, Lebanese Christians were shown to have been isolated for at least the last 2,000 years and were proposed to be genetically close to the ancestral population of the Levant region from which current Europeans diverged ,15,900–9,100 ya between the last glacial warming and the start of the Neolithic [26].
Egypt appears to have split first from North Africa with dates***** coinciding with the kingdom decline in power***** and conquests by Assyrians and Persians. Our results from both uniparental and autosomal markers show that today’s Egyptians are genetically closer to Eurasians than to other North Africans, probably a consequence of Egypt’s and the Middle East’s long established interaction through conquests and trades. [/b]Tuareg split next from North Africans around 1,900 ya,[/b] followed by the remaining North Africans splitting around 1,000–1,300 ya which coincide with the Islamic expansion arriving to North Africa.
There has been recent interest in North Africa as a source for modern human migrations after most early research studying the origins of Homo sapiens focused on the fossils of East Africa. Recent studies of hominin fossils from northwestern Africa present strong evidence of resemblances and possible evolutionary connections with fossils representing migrations out of Africa between 130,000 and 40,000 ya [67].
Last Edit: Dec 15, 2016 19:30:43 GMT -5 by djoser-xyyman
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming
Post by djoser-xyyman on Dec 15, 2016 14:31:40 GMT -5
The data and study shows several things.
1. Apparently Tunisians maybe oldest North Africans going back to the Paleolithic. I assume they have a high percentage of Hunter-gatherer ancestry (La Brana-). Yet Tunisians are the whitest(pigmentation) of Africans as they should be based upon latitude. 2. Modern Egyptians are the most heavily admixed(miscegenation) of all North Africans. Many studies have also confirmed that. This started RECENT about 800BC. 3. TreeMix data shows that the 2nd wave of migration OOA included a STRONG Yoruba influence. As other studies have showed. Tunisian show very little Yoruban ancestry. Keep in mind the Mazab carry high SSA lineage. Go figure. But that is for another discussion 4. Indigenous Africans are NOT related to the so-called Islamic expansion. Their ancestry goes back much much further than mohammed. 5. Lebanese Christians may the oldest population in the Levant( I assume they are talking about the Bedouins) 6. Egypt became miscegnated AFTER the fall of AE maybe just before the Greeks 7. Even the dark skinned Tauregs are purer North Africans than modern Egyptians 8. Levantine Christian Lebanese seem ancestral to modern Europeans (remember Lazaridis ground breaking paper when he used Bedouins as the proxy to EEF/Basal Europeans). Makes sense. 9. Archeological evidence seem to point to North Africa as a main exit point OOA and not only East Africa. Fossil evidence found in East Africa is weighted as the exit main point. North Africa fossil discovery may change that because the genetic evidence seems to confirm that North Africa preferably. 10. The author uses “admixed” and “shared” interchangeably and may be deliberate to cause confusion. "Shared" is technically the more accurate term or description.
Last Edit: Dec 15, 2016 19:39:54 GMT -5 by djoser-xyyman
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming
Sometimes I wish you people would READ these papers instead making a big deal out of the title. Read the damn paper!!! And stopping misquoting, understand what the author is doing instead of throwing a hissy and making a big deal out of it. The “middle eastern” population they are comparing North Africans to are Yemenese, Saudis (most likely Bedoiuns not the elite) and Kuwaiti. All are heavily Africanized populations. They tried using Iran but Iranians were not even close. They did NOT use Kazars in Isreal nor, Syrians nor these “Turkish” middle Eastern groups. Why? There will not be a match. Henn played the same game with her back-migration infamous paper. So read the damn papers before posting like you are unto something. But even with the African “middle easterners”, it was NOT a close match. The data shows North Africans are MORE differentiated than “middle Easterners”. Meaning they are most like OLDER and the original population of the two. Also the Aran North Africans are less differentiated and homogenous, meaning they are most likely Ottoman Turks. Egyptian Cotps may be foreigners!!!
----------- QUOTES Locus-by-locus comparisons assuming the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests (p<0.05/10¼0.005) showed that Tunisian Arabs did not differ from Moroccan Arabs, Sahrawi, Lybians, Moroccan Berbers or Tunisian Berbers at any locus, while they significantly differed from Algerian Berbers, Egyptian Berbers and Egyptian Arabs at one locus and from Egyptian Copts at four loci. Tunisian Berbers, when compared to Tunisian Arabs, revealed more significant differentiations, namely with Algerian Berbers and Egyptian Arabs at two loci, with Egyptian Berbers at three loci and with Egyptian Copts at nine loci. Overall these results indicate that, in the context of North Africa, the Tunisian Berbers are rather more differentiated than the Tunisian Arab populations
Interestingly, the overall level of population differentiation (FST values in Table 5) was slightly higher in North Africa than in the broader geographical region encompassing North Africa plus the Near East. Still, whereas in North Africa neither geography nor ethnicity accounted for the apportionment of the total diversity (FCT values in Table 5), when considering North Africa and the Near East, both variables significantly explain a fraction, although very small ( 0.19% each) of the global population structure.
populations (Dubai, Yemen, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia and Iran), which stand dispersed in a separate cluster amid Sub- Saharan and European populations. The *****Tunisian Arabs *******occupy an intermediate position between Middle Eastern and European populations. THEY ARE TURKS!!!!!!!
No significant clustering was observed when STRUCTURE analysis was performed for Arab and Berber populations (data not shown). *****LIARS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*****
Bosch et al., 2001; Coudray et al., 2007a, b; Gaibar et al., 2012; Khodjet-El-Khil et al., 2012). Thus, based upon average heterozygosity and exact tests of population differentiation, there are indications that Tunisian Arabs are genetically more homogeneous and less differentiated than Berbers, a finding that can be explained by the recent shared ancestry between the Tunisian Arabs and the non-Berber neighbouring populations. Our results reinforce previous studies with autosomal STR loci
reflecting their richness in patterns of diversity and diversified origins, in opposition to European populations that are more homogenous, being so characterised by much less genetic structure. In the cloud of North African and Near Eastern populations, Tunisian Berbers remain in a relative outsider position, confirming previous observations based on autosomal STR loci
The PCA analysis further showed that the Tunisian Arab populations were very close to Middle Eastern ones (Yemen, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia),. Turks mixed with Africans!!!!!!
Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming
