Hyksos the first Kushite Dynasty of Egypt

[clydewin98]

In this video I explain why the Hyksos said they were Kushites.

[anansi]

Dr Winters, while they were, allies of the Hyksos they weren't Hyksos, yes a Nahasi ruler were found in the delta, but the mainline of them were Semitic speakers as judged by their names.
Yaqub-Har or Yak-Baal.
Khamudi.
Sakir-Har
Khyan
And there are more, these are Semitic names some belonging to folks like the Amorites, that belonged to that dynasty, we can have a discussion over what is really meant to be Semitic biologically and linguistically but that's for another time, Hyksos were not Kushites.

[clydewin98]

To the Greeks and Romans there were two Kush empires, one in Africa and the other in Asia. Homer alluded to the two Kushite empires when he wrote in the Odyssey i.23: “a race divided, whom the sloping rays; the rising and the setting sun surveys”. In the Iliad. i.423, Homer wrote that Zeus went to Kush to banquet with the blameless Ethiopians .

In 64 BC, the Greek geographer and historian Strabo stated in Chapter 1 of Geography that there were two Kush empires - one in Asia and another in Africa. In addition to Kush in Nubia and Upper Egypt, some Greco-Roman authors considered their presence in southern Phoenicia up to Mount Amanus in Syria.


It is interesting that Apophis and the other rulers of the Hyksos, were Kushites not Amorites. The names of the Hyksos were not Semitic, they were just names the Kushites in Asia gave themselves.

The Hyksos did not call themselves Amru, they called themselves heqa khasut . Apophos on his seals and a monumental doorjamb from Avaris made it clear he was heqa khasut, King of the Kushites.




This is epigraphic evidence indicating that the Hyksos called themselves Kings of the Khas. The Hyksos worshiped Seth, the god of Avaris, and Ra. Please site a source where the Hyksos called themselves Amorites in their seals.




Most researchers have translated heqa Khas as “King of foreign lands,” but this is an incorrect translation because the Hyksos Kings were rulers of Egypt - not a foreign land. I believe that Apophis and the other Hyksos kings were acknowledging their Kushite origins. They used Khas in reference to the fact that, although they came from Asia, they were Kushites. This view is supported by the fact that the term Khas was only used to refer to the rulers of Kush during the Old Kingdom and the area around Avaris and Sharuhen during the Second Intermediate Period.



The Hyksos were Hattians. The Hattians worshipped Kasku and Kusuh. The Hatti controlled the city state of Kussara. Kussara was situated in southern Anatolia. The Hatti were especially prominent in the Pontic mountains. Hatti’s sister nation in the Halys Basin were the Kaska tribes. The Kaska and Hattians share the same names for their gods, along with personal and place names. The Kaska had a strong empire which was never defeated by the Hittites.

The Hatti were probably one of the Kushite tribes in Nubia during the Old Kingdom. During the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (2563-2423) in the reign of Sahure there is mention of the Tehenu people.

The C-Group people occupied the Sudan and Fezzan regions between 3700-1300 BC and were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus were organized into two groups: the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South.

Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader as “Hati Tehenu”. The name Hati corresponds to the name Hatti - a tribe in Anatolia. However, the Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas.

We learn from the Weni Inscription that the Kushites who lived in Nubia, were also called Khas. Breasted’s translation of the Weni Inscription indicates that Heqe Khasut was not always translated as ‘Kings Foreign “, the original meaning of ḥḳЗ (Heqa) ḫЗs (Khas), was “Kings Negroland “, as indicated in the Breasted translation. There was no such place as ‘Negroland’, it was a Eurocentric term where Blacks were supposed to live. So, the actual meaning of Heqa Khasut was ‘King Khas’ or king of the Kushite. Thusly, the inscription of Weni reads:

“His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet khas, the Mazoi khas, the Yam khas, among the Wawat Khas, among the Kau khas, and in the land of Temeh.”

Egyptian Khas corresponds to Kashkas, the name for the Hattians. This means that N25 represented the name Kash and Khas for the ethnonym Kushite during the 5th Dynasty of Egypt. Breasted made up the term Khasut. The Egyptian term Khasut has three N25 signs for the ethnonym Khas: Kas(ka)/Kush. Breasted made up the term Khasut, by adding the /-u/ which is the Egyptian plural marker, and the Egyptian /-t/ which is a suffix that signified 'land, people'. But in the actual inscription there is no /-u-t/ signs, there was just three N25 signs in Heqa Khas. The three Khas signs made the reading plural, i.e., Khasites =Kushites.



During the 5th Dynasty of Egypt, the Kushites lived in hilly areas. Thus, the Egyptians often referred to the Kushites as hill people. This is supported by the various meanings of Gardiner's Egyptian sign N25. The N25 sign from Gardiner’s List of Egyptian Signs; xЗs Khas or kЗs, meaning Kush.

[anansi]

Sorry about the late reply Dr Winters been busy.
but Hyksos strictly speaking meant Rulers of foreign lands not Kush, note the third glyph on the second column,
and the Greek rendering  of Black folks or to use their words Ethiopians in the area, does not make them ethnic Kushites or belonging to the same civilization.

This was before Kush became an empire before gobbling up all the other polities.

Kush after gobbling up all the other polities but before taking on Egypt pro

per.

Kush the empire included Egypt, but the Hyksos came at the tail end of the 13th, and involved many other ethnic groups with various Asiatics, they later did team up with the Hyksos in a pincer movement to crush Egypt.

The tomb belonged to Sobeknakht, a Governor of El Kab, an important provincial capital during the latter part of the 17th Dynasty (about 1575-1550BC).

The inscription describes a ferocious invasion of Egypt by armies from Kush and its allies from the south, including the land of Punt, on the southern coast of the Red Sea. It says that vast territories were affected and describes Sobeknakht’s heroic role in organising a counter-attack.

The text takes the form of an address to the living by Sobeknakht: “Listen you, who are alive upon earth . . . Kush came . . . aroused along his length, he having stirred up the tribes of Wawat . . . the land of Punt and the Medjaw. . .” It describes the decisive role played by “the might of the great one, Nekhbet”, the vulture-goddess of El Kab, as “strong of heart against the Nubians, who were burnt through fire”, while the “chief of the nomads fell through the blast of her flame”.

The discovery explains why Egyptian treasures, including statues, stelae and an elegant alabaster vessel found in the royal tomb at Kerma, were buried in Kushite tombs: they were war trophies.

Read more: egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/15/basic-database-nile-valley-studies?page=4#ixzz4noKbL5UT

Note, we can see that the el Kab inscription made it clear that politically the other ethnic groups of Nahasy were allied of Kush they weren't Kushites, if this was true back when the Hyksos invaded then it made little sense they would be Kushites...we have long labored hard not to lump and dump every southern people under the term "Nubia or Nubians" unless warranted lets not do the same with all Black ppl inside and outside Africa proper with the specific ethny called Kush.

[clydewin98]

Thank you for your response but stop trying to rewrite history. It is impossible to claim that Kushites only lived in Africa, when we know that Kushites lived in West Asia as well as noted by Homer and Strabo. The Sobeknakht inscription does not dispute the fact that the Hyksos were Kushites= ḫ3st.

As noted in Breasted’s decipherment of the Weni inscription, the first definition of Khast was “Negroland”. There was no such place. Gardiner N25 was pronounced ḫ3st, and meant mountain range and hill-country. It was related to hill country because, this was the place from whence the ḫ3st came. See N25 www.egyptianhieroglyphs.net/gardiners-sign-list/sky-earth-water/

We are not talking about Nubians. The Nuba, did not enter the Sudan until late in history, where they are identified as enemies of the Meroites.



You claim “Hyksos strictly speaking meant Rulers of foreign lands not Kush”. If this was its actual meaning the weni inscription would read ““His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet Rulers of foreign lands , the Mazoi Rulers of foreign lands , the Yam Rulers of foreign lands , among the Wawat Rulers of foreign lands, among the Kau Rulers of foreign lands , and in the land of Temeh.”



Semantically, for example “Wawat Rulers of foreign lands” , is incorrect, because Wawat was the name of a nation, not a king. As a result, ḫ3st, was used to identify the nationality of the Wawat, Kau and other Kushite = ḫ3st. Thusly, the inscription of Weni reads: “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet khas [Kusites], the Mazoi khas [Kushites], the Yam khas [Kushites], among the Wawat Khas [Kushites], among the Kau khas [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.”



The map makes it appear that only Irthet was Kush, but the Weni inscriptions also includes Wawat, Yam and Temeh. It is not I, who is claiming these “nations” were Kushite, it was the Egyptians themselves.

On this map, Temeh is situated to the south the south of Irthet, but in Egyptian Temeh, meant Lower Egypt.

In the Weni inscription we can clearly see that Kushites were living in Upper and Lower Egypt. It is made clear that khas [Kushites] were also “in the land of Temeh”. The Egyptians made it clear that LOWER EGYPT was called : TAMEH , and UPPER EGYPT : TA SHEMA . Because the khas [Kushites], were living in Lower Egypt, when the Kings of khas [Kushites] took control of Egypt during the Hyksos period they were returning to the lands of their ancestors Heqa khas [Kushites] =Kings of the Kushites.



The khas [Kushites ] belonged to the C-Group people and lived in Upper and Lower Egypt between 3700-1300 BC and were called Tmhw (Temehus). The Temehus were organized into two groups: the Thnw (Tehenu) in the North and the Nhsj (Nehesy) in the South.

Sahure referred to the Tehenu leader as “Hati Tehenu”. The name Hati corresponds to the name Hatti - a tribe in Anatolia. However, the Hatti people often referred to themselves as Kashkas. Kashkas corresponds to Khas, and the Hyksos were identifying their ethnic origins when they called themselves Khas.

In summary ,you cannot use the Sobeknakht inscription to dispute the meaning of Khas= Kushite. My interpretation of N25, is supported by the Classical scholars, the inscriptions of Weni and Sahure, and the use of the term Khas, on the Hyksos sealings and inscriptions generally.