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Post by djoser-xyyman on Dec 19, 2018 15:50:21 GMT -5
Easter Island - Early Expansion of Africans to South America? A member put me on to this. I was hesitant when he mentioned there may be E1b1a going back to pre-history towards to Easter Island. It is irritating when there Europeans researchers lie and hide data. They are really doing a disservice to human history. All in the name to prop up European dominance. It would be nice to see the haplotype breakdown of E1b1a. Is it related to South East African E1b1a. Note: the author mentioned three populations but a dominance of Africans. There are some typos like...3500AD?? huh? But really interesting is no mtDNA L and lots of yDNA Q. .-------------------------- Genetic Diversity of Easter Island (Rapanui) Population from Identifiler® Plus autosomal, Y-filer®, and Y-Plex™ 6 Y-STR Loci Laura Guadian B.S. Abstract This study investigated the genetic diversity of the Easter Island (Rapanui) population using data on 15 autosomal Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) typed with the commercial STR kits Identifiler® Plus and 23 Y-chromosome STRs typed using Y-filer (17 loci) and Y- PLEX™ 6 (6 loci). The analysis was conducted using genotype and haplotype data of 122 presumably unrelated individuals that included 48 males and 74 females. This study: (i) examined if Easter Island population had reduced genetic diversity in comparison with cosmopolitan populations such as Mainland Chilean, Polynesian, European, and African; (ii) compared genetic affinity of the Easter Island population with historically related cosmopolitan populations; and (iii) investigated the forensic utility of autosomal STRs and Y-STRs in the Easter Island population. Quote: "Studies of Rapanui Y-STRs have suggested the presence of predominantly African and Amerindian admixture in this population inferred from high prevalence of haplogroups E1R1a??, and Q, respectively). Haplogroups frequency distribution (Figure 2a) and haplotype network resulst (Figure 2b) also demonstrates evidence of European admixture. These results can be explained by an expansion out from Africa into the Pacific that occurred around 3,500 AD? (35).In this migration the people went east to Samoa and Tonga, who’s inhabitants later reached Easter Island. Rapanui autosomal STRs were found to be admixed of three different populations,even at individual level (Figures 3a and 4a), while their Y-STR structure, was predominantly constituted of a single population ancestry (Figure 3b and 4b). Y-STR results point toward that male lineages are probably a consequence of conquerors who reproduced with Rapanui women." The check marks with large GREEN is the 3rd population!!
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Post by anansi on Dec 21, 2018 6:25:33 GMT -5
Xyyman can you do us a solid and post a klikable link..perhaps folks on other sites can take this fwd.
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Post by asante on Dec 21, 2018 18:24:12 GMT -5
Just follow the Sickle Cell Trail, and you will find our people.
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Post by anansi on Dec 22, 2018 4:01:39 GMT -5
Just follow the Sickle Cell Trail, and you will find our people. But when tho, and is it the same genetic descendants of the African variant,we know for example that a particular mutation related to Benin is wide spread some showed up in the Mediterranean and in the Arabian peninsula, however the Asian variant is different. So a when and type is necessary to tidy things up. sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/haplotypes.html
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Post by asante on Dec 22, 2018 12:09:26 GMT -5
Just follow the Sickle Cell Trail, and you will find our people. But when tho, and is it the same genetic descendants of the African variant,we know for example that a particular mutation related to Benin is wide spread some showed up in the Mediterranean and in the Arabian peninsula, however the Asian variant is different. So a when and type is necessary to tidy things up. sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/haplotypes.htmlThe mere presence of sickle cell in both close distance (from Africa) and remote areas of the World is proof of our existence in an area point blank period. While it does not give "all" of the information, what we know that white people try to do is attribute it's presence in a region to slavery. WE KNOW that in places where sickle cell is found like Greece and Southeast Asia that there was never any mass enslavement of Niger-Congo speaking populations (who carry the haplotypes) for whites to push that presence off on. Both of those regions show clear paths indicated by the frequency of sickle cell along them into that respective area leading from Africa. We know from several lines of genetic evidence that those migratory paths were not remnants of the first OOA Africans. We know that later migrations of Africans brought not only the agricultural revolution, but also Bronze Age civilizations. The introduction of Millets for example, which has an ancient Saharan origin was found in Southeast Asia around 2,000 BC. Given the general time frame of those events in human history an accurate estimate range of these later African migrations is highly plausible with the evidence that is already present.
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Post by anansi on Dec 22, 2018 12:35:21 GMT -5
But when tho, and is it the same genetic descendants of the African variant,we know for example that a particular mutation related to Benin is wide spread some showed up in the Mediterranean and in the Arabian peninsula, however the Asian variant is different. So a when and type is necessary to tidy things up. sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/haplotypes.htmlThe mere presence of sickle cell in both close distance (from Africa) and remote areas of the World is proof of our existence in an area point blank period. While it does not give "all" of the information, what we know that white people try to do is attribute it's presence in a region to slavery. WE KNOW that in places where sickle cell is found like Greece and Southeast Asia that there was never any mass enslavement of Niger-Congo speaking populations (who carry the haplotypes) for whites to push that presence off on. Both of those regions show clear paths indicated by the frequency of sickle cell along them into that respective area leading from Africa. We know from several lines of genetic evidence that those migratory paths were not remnants of the first OOA Africans. We know that later migrations of Africans brought not only the agricultural revolution, but also Bronze Age civilizations. The introduction of Millets for example, which has an ancient Saharan origin was found in Southeast Asia around 2,000 BC. Given the general time frame of those events in human history an accurate estimate range of these later African migrations is highly plausible with the evidence that is already present. I didn't make any presumption about the type of occupation, slave or slave holder, but it's existence as a fact of life, and if I were to go by Greek tradition an African settlement of the North Med would make a nice fit according to their mythology, and genetics backed that up, however as was said the mutations were not a one off thing and related to each other, combating malaria do not necessitate a one time only thing, that's why we have to be careful, and BTW this have nothing to with Xyyman's find which is exciting and new.
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Post by asante on Dec 22, 2018 13:56:54 GMT -5
The mere presence of sickle cell in both close distance (from Africa) and remote areas of the World is proof of our existence in an area point blank period. While it does not give "all" of the information, what we know that white people try to do is attribute it's presence in a region to slavery. WE KNOW that in places where sickle cell is found like Greece and Southeast Asia that there was never any mass enslavement of Niger-Congo speaking populations (who carry the haplotypes) for whites to push that presence off on. Both of those regions show clear paths indicated by the frequency of sickle cell along them into that respective area leading from Africa. We know from several lines of genetic evidence that those migratory paths were not remnants of the first OOA Africans. We know that later migrations of Africans brought not only the agricultural revolution, but also Bronze Age civilizations. The introduction of Millets for example, which has an ancient Saharan origin was found in Southeast Asia around 2,000 BC. Given the general time frame of those events in human history an accurate estimate range of these later African migrations is highly plausible with the evidence that is already present. How so? The point that I was getting out is that the same migration that brought sickle cell traits (a genetic trait of Niger-Congo speakers) into Southeast Asia and south and Eastern Australia was likely the same people that carried that E1b1a into Easter Island. The fact that isolated Pacific islands such as Easter Island and Hawaii were settled roughly around the same time could indicate that these were the same people. Interestingly archaeological evidence indicates that Hawaii was settled by Africans, in particularly from the Hapi Valley (which was found to also have E1b1a). White academia is even making new claims of this ancient Africoid contact.
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Post by anansi on Dec 22, 2018 14:33:05 GMT -5
Asente: this is not a question of phenotype aka Africoid which as you and I know precede many other variants both in Africa as well as outside it for x thousands of yrs and have very little to do with genotype, the fact that an Asian variant of the HBS exist along with other variants in tropical Africa,this however does not rule out or conflict with Xyyman's find.
All I'm saying is tighten up what you mean.
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Post by asante on Dec 22, 2018 14:46:45 GMT -5
Asente: this is not a question of phenotype aka Africoid which as you and I know precede many other variants both in Africa as well as outside it for x thousands of yrs The term "Africoid" does not denote phenotype. Afric = African oid = like. Funny other people clearly understood what I implied by showing that map showing the migration of sickle cell.
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Post by anansi on Dec 22, 2018 15:26:05 GMT -5
No it don't, your map in no way denote the when , Just that it's there, was it post or pre-Colombian can't tell by your map.
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Post by asante on Dec 23, 2018 11:56:39 GMT -5
Asente: this is not a question of phenotype aka Africoid which as you and I know precede many other variants both in Africa as well as outside it for x thousands of yrs and have very little to do with genotype, the fact that an Asian variant of the HBS exist along with other variants in tropical Africa,this however does not rule out or conflict with Xyyman's find. All I'm saying is tighten up what you mean. That's irrelevant commentary especially when I've already noted in my earlier post that this information informed with other pieces of information will provide a clear narrative of the involvement of Niger-Congo speakers in the peopling of a specific area. In the case of ancient America; Although this entity once was thought to be confined to the Negro race, cases have been reported in white families, most of whom were of Mediterranean stock.6' 7,11 X-ray findings of the skulls in Mayan Indians were suggestive of sickle cell disease.20 It has also been described in Mexicans. The sickle cell trait was found in 7.3 per cent of a series of over eight thousand Negroes,9 with a higher percentage in South African natives.10 linkNow we know for certain that Niger-Congo speaking population were present in America prior to Columbus.
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Post by kel on Dec 23, 2018 23:30:23 GMT -5
"Now we know for certain that Niger-Congo speaking population were present in America prior to Columbus"
oops !!
brilliant.
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Post by africurious on Dec 24, 2018 2:31:08 GMT -5
Some words of caution to the wise... The mention of "3,500 AD" in the above quote given by the OP is type-o by authors of the paper. It's not clear what the authors are referring to cuz I checked what they listed as their source and no where does the source mention any polynesians (rapa nui or otherwise) being descended directly from africans. See the source the authors used here: lens.auckland.ac.nz/images/3/31/Pacific_Migration_Seminar_Paper.pdf There're other mistakes in the paper so seems editing wasnt up to par on the paper. Paper can be found here: digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/theses/824/Last point is that polynesians have been tested and the places where the original people of Rapa Nui are said to come form i.e. Tonga, Samoa, Fiji don't have african y-chromosomes. See study here: www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-20026-8So these african y-chromosomes couldn't have come from further in Polynesia. And if one believes the african chromosomes in today's population were there with the founding population then you might as well be consistent and say the european chromosomes were there at founding too. Interesting thing tho is that the paper in the OP didn't find any typical polynesian y-dna in rapa nui but an earlier study from 2006 claimed to have found y-STR markers that were typical of polynesians.
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Dec 24, 2018 3:11:22 GMT -5
Agreed there were typos in the paper hence my "?", But as I said they need a deep dive in the yDNA to determine if these were recent "Africans" or "Europeans". Keeping in mind Steppes R1b are NOT closely related to modern Western European regardless to Eurocentric pop-culture
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Post by djoser-xyyman on Dec 24, 2018 3:13:19 GMT -5
Xyyman can you do us a solid and post a klikable link..perhaps folks on other sites can take this fwd. Some words of caution to the wise... The mention of "3,500 AD" in the above quote given by the OP is type-o by authors of the paper. It's not clear what the authors are referring to cuz I checked what they listed as their source and no where does the source mention any polynesians (rapa nui or otherwise) being descended directly from africans. See the source the authors used here: lens.auckland.ac.nz/images/3/31/Pacific_Migration_Seminar_Paper.pdf There're other mistakes in the paper so seems editing wasnt up to par on the paper. Paper can be found here: digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/theses/824/Last point is that polynesians have been tested and the places where the original people of Rapa Nui are said to come form i.e. Tonga, Samoa, Fiji don't have african y-chromosomes. See study here: www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-20026-8So these african y-chromosomes couldn't have come from further in Polynesia. And if one believes the african chromosomes in today's population were there with the founding population then you might as well be consistent and say the european chromosomes were there at founding too. Interesting thing tho is that the paper in the OP didn't find any typical polynesian y-dna in rapa nui but an earlier study from 2006 claimed to have found y-STR markers that were typical of polynesians.
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