Who were the Moors

[thamm1]

Dr. S.O.Y. Keita tells you white skinned or Mediterranean looking people originated in North Africa.
youtu.be/qErhFiCvyKE

[snakepit]

White skin is an evolutionary adaptation that first occurred outside of Africa. It only happened because the Africans who had migrated far enough (to the north) needed more sunlight to "survive" (vitamin d)
The highest temperature recorded on earth was measured in Libya, there's plenty of sunlight in this area of the world, a pale-skinned person such as yourself can try to survive in that climate without sunblock. Good luck! There is a reason why skin-cancer is so prominent in Israel (hint hint) . ALL the indigenous peoples of Africa & the near east are so-called "black people" with brown skin. Stop spamming.

[forty2tribes]

Apr 14, 2016 14:49:05 GMT -5 snakepit said:

White skin is an evolutionary adaptation that first occurred outside of Africa. It only happened because the Africans who had migrated far enough (to the north) needed more sunlight to "survive" (vitamin d)
The highest temperature recorded on earth was measured in Libya, there's plenty of sunlight in this area of the world, a pale-skinned person such as yourself can try to survive in that climate without sunblock. Good luck! There is a reason why skin-cancer is so prominent in Israel (hint hint) . ALL the indigenous peoples of Africa & the near east are so-called "black people" with brown skin. Stop spamming.

White skin existed in Africa before AMH.

[Ish Gebor]

Mar 28, 2016 10:17:51 GMT -5 thamm1 said:

Dr. S.O.Y. Keita tells you white skinned or Mediterranean looking people originated in North Africa.
youtu.be/qErhFiCvyKE

ZENAGA (SANHAJA, SENAJER), a Berber tribe of southern Morocco who gave their name to Senegal, once their tribal home. They formed one of the tribes which, uniting under the leadership of Yusef bin Tashfin, crossed the Sahara and gave a dynasty to Morocco and Spain, namely, that of the Almoravides (q.v.). The Zeirid dynasty which supplanted the Fatimites in the Maghrib and founded the city of Algiers was also of Zenaga origin. The Zenaga dialect of Berber is spoken in southern Morocco and on the banks of the lower Senegal, largely by the negro population.

--Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 967 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

encyclopedia.jrank.org/YAK_ZYM/ZENAGA_SANHAJA_SENAJER_.html#ixzz3bwEgpvbW


A Thousand Years Ago In Mauritania - Kamal El Mekki










The Lost Kingdoms of Africa. The Berber Kingdom. BBC.

Firstly, E-M81 is the most common haplogroup in North Africa showing its highest concentrations in Northwestern Africa (76 % in Saharawis in Morocco (Arredi et al., 2004)) with cline frequencies decreasing eastward: Algeria (45 %), Libya (34 %) and Egypt (10 %) (Robino et al., 2008; Triki-Fendri et al., submitted; Arredi et al., 2004). 


Besides, Ottoni et al., (2011) have reported that E-M81 appear to constitute a common paternal genetic matrix in the Tuareg populations where it was encountered at high frequency (89 %). 

Hence, the distribution of this haplogroup in Africa closely matches the present area of Berber-speaking population’s allocation on the continent, suggesting a close haplogroup-ethnic group parallelism (Bosch et al., 2001; Cruciani et al., 2002; 2004; Arredi et al., 2004; Fadhlaoui-Zid et al., 2011; Bekada et al., 2013). However, knowing that the Berber dialects have been replaced by Arabic in North African populations, carriers of E-M81 haplogroup are currently Arab-speaking peoples whose ancestors were Berber-speaking.


Outside of Africa, E-M81 is almost absent in the Middle East and in Europe (with the exception of Iberia and Sicily). The presence of E-M81 in the Iberian Peninsula (12 % in southern Portugal) (Cruciani et al., 2004) has been attributed to trans-Mediterranean contacts linked to the Islamic influence, since it is typically Berber (Bosch et al., 2001; Semino et al., 2004; Beleza et al., 2006; Alvarez et al., 2009; Cruciani et al., 2007; Trombetta et al., 2011).

—S Triki-Fendri, A Rebai 2015

Synthetic review on the genetic relatedness between North Africa and Arabia deduced from paternal lineage distributions

[Ish Gebor]

Mar 28, 2016 10:17:51 GMT -5 thamm1 said:

Dr. S.O.Y. Keita tells you white skinned or Mediterranean looking people originated in North Africa.
youtu.be/qErhFiCvyKE

Continuing

WHAT BONES CAN TELL: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE MAGHREB:


The extremely large skeletal samples that come from sites such as Taforalt (Fig. 8.13) and Afalou constitute an invaluable resource for understanding the makers of Iberomaurusian artifacts, and their number is unparalleled elsewhere in Africa for the early Holocene. Frequently termed Mechta-Afalou or Mechtoid, these were a skeletally robust people and definitely African in origin, though attempts, such as those of Ferembach (1985), to establish similarities with much older and rarer Aterian skeletal remains are tenuous given the immense temporal separation between the two (Close and Wendorf 1990). At the opposite end of the chronological spectrum, dental morphology does suggest connections with later Africans, including those responsible for the Capsian Industry (Irish 2000) and early mid-Holocene human remains from the western half of the Sahara (Dutour 1989), something that points to the Maghreb as one of the regions from which people recolonised the desert (MacDonald 1998).

Turning to what can be learned about cultural practices and disease, the individuals from Taforalt, the largest sample by far, display little evidence of trauma, though they do suggest a high incidence of infant mortality, with evidence for dental caries, arthritis, and rheumatism among other degenerative conditions. Interestingly, Taforalt also provides one of the oldest known instances of the practice of trepanation, the surgical removal of a portion of the cranium; the patient evidently survived for some time, as there are signs of bone regrowth in the affected area. Another form of body modification was much more widespread and, indeed, a distinctive feature of the Iberomaurusian skeletal sample as a whole. This was the practice of removing two or more of the upper incisors, usually around puberty and from both males and females, something that probably served as both a rite of passage and an ethnic marker (Close and Wendorf 1990), just as it does in parts of sub-Saharan Africa today (e.g., van Reenen 1987). Cranial and postcranial malformations are also apparent and may indicate pronounced endogamy at a much more localised level (Hadjouis 2002), perhaps supported by the degree of variability between different site samples noted by Irish (2000).

--Lawrence Barham

The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers (Cambridge World Archaeology)



Rogerblench,

rogerblench.info/Language/Afroasiatic/General/AALIST.pdf


Issues in the Historical Phonology Issues in the Historical Phonology of Chadic Languages of Chadic Languages H. Ekkehard Wolff Chair: African Languages & Linguistics Leipzig University
www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/08_springschool/pdf/course_materials/Wolff_Historical_Phonology.pdf










Kiffian

Forensic reconstruction
Resin, University of Chicago and Project Exploration


www.staabstudios.com/galleries/arch-7.html





Tenerean

Forensic reconstruction
Resin, University of Chicago and Project Exploration

www.staabstudios.com/galleries/archaeology.html




Gobero People

Forensic reconstruction
Resin, University of Chicago and Project Exploration

[Ish Gebor]

Mar 28, 2016 10:17:51 GMT -5 thamm1 said:

Dr. S.O.Y. Keita tells you white skinned or Mediterranean looking people originated in North Africa.
youtu.be/qErhFiCvyKE

Continuing 

Craniometric data from seven human groups (Tables 3, 4) were subjected to principal components analysis, which allies the early Holocene population at Gobero (Gob-e) with mid-Holocene “Mechtoids” from Mali and Mauritania [18], [26], [27] and with Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians and early Holocene Capsians from across the Maghreb




Figure 6. Principal components analysis of craniofacial dimensions among Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene populations from the Maghreb and southern Sahara.





Table 3. Nine human populations sampled for craniometric analysis ranging in age from the Late Pleistocene (ca. 80,000 BP, Aterian) to the mid-Holocene (ca. 4000 BP) and in geographic distribution across the Maghreb to the southern Sahara [18], [19], [26], [27], [54].
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995.t003




Trans-Saharan craniometry. Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero, who were buried with Kiffian material culture, with Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene humans from the Maghreb and southern Sahara referred to as Iberomaurusians, Capsians and “Mechtoids.” Outliers to this cluster of populations include an older Aterian sample and the mid-Holocene occupants at Gobero associated with Tenerean material culture.

www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002995                             

[Ish Gebor]

Mar 28, 2016 10:17:51 GMT -5 thamm1 said:

Dr. S.O.Y. Keita tells you white skinned or Mediterranean looking people originated in North Africa.
youtu.be/qErhFiCvyKE

Continuing

“Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed. The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago. Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa”

—Frigi S, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Benammar-Elgaaied A.

Ancient local evolution of African mtDNA haplogroups in Tunisian Berber populations.
Source
Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University El Manar, 2092 Tunis,

Tunisia.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21082907

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

Frigi et al. [2010 (this issue)] present some new findings on a population of Amazigh—Berber speakers in Tunisia. Although their study is not exhaustive, they provide an outline of human population history in the Maghreb and a general discussion of its mtDNA diversity. Their work is important in inviting researchers to think about the concepts of continuity and change in biology, culture, language, and identity in a geographic space. Their presentation helps in understanding the complexity of examining the ancestry and emergence of Berber origins in Africa as a local process and encourages the consideration of many questions about how the human biology and culture of a known population or ethnolinguistic group can be conceptualized through space and time.

Berber- (Tamazight-) speaking communities are thought to represent the clearest known descendants of the ancient indigenous populations of Africa west of the northern Nile valley in the supra-Saharan and northern Saharan regions (Brett and Fentress 1996; Camps 1982; Desanges 1981). "Indigenous" here can refer only to those whom we can perceive as having had the longest tenure on the land, using available historical evidence. However, there are questions. What constitutes "historical evidence" for earlier periods? Should it include archaeology, paleontology, historical linguistics, skeletal biology, and genetics, as broadly advocated by a historical anthropological approach (e.g., Kirch and Green 2001; Mace et al. 2005)? Or is it only to be based on the interpretation of texts from the ancient Egyptian, Greco-Roman, or Islamic periods [e.g., see comments by Brett and Fentress (1996), Desanges (1981), Norris (1982), and Snowden (1971)]? How is the varied evidence to be ranked in importance, reconciled when it seems to be in contradiction, and analyzed synthetically? A simplistic positivism has to be avoided in discussions of any facet of human history because various pathways could lead to similar results. What is the role of evolutionary mechanisms—adaptive selection, gene flow, drift, sexual selection—in explaining the biology of some of the ancestors of Berber speakers at the deepest time levels and of living Amazigh as well? Frigi et al. (2010) do not address all these questions directly, but their work implicitly acknowledges their importance and provides a new framework for investigation.

Braudel's (1980) concept of different levels of history can be adapted and adopted in a modified form as levels of biocultural or bioethnic history, to further consider Frigi and colleagues' contribution, which implicitly acknowledges the contingent and multidimensional character of population interactions through time against an evolutionary background.

Another issue of some interest is the (mis)labeling of Berbers as "Eurasian" migrants from the Near East: Did they arrive as a unit from Asia or Europe, as a settler colonist "package" with a persistent identity analogous to Europeans in South Africa, or did the biology, language, and culture of the Amazigh emerge primarily from a set of interactions in Africa involving African peoples at base, that is, as a part of authentic African historical and biological processes? There are no ancient Berber communities outside Africa, and the idea of simple demic diffusion of Berbers as a people to the Maghreb (e.g., Arredi et al. 2004) from the Near East is not supported. It is of some interest that even Coon and Hunt (1965), using a raciotypological paradigm now long discredited, postulated a massive invasion of Africa by "Caucasians" in the Pleistocene and therefore thought that Berber language and identity had entered the Maghreb from more southerly regions in Africa. Frigi and colleagues suggest that several populations over time were involved in the biological ancestry of the current Berber speakers, and this is consistent with archaeological evidence of actual migration in the mid- to late Holocene (Camps 1982) as well as historical documentation. Craniofacial diversity has been documented in the region before Vandal and Arab migrations (Keita 1990).

It is important to remember that biology, language, and culture are not intrinsically or obligatorily correlated, a principle established some...

--S. O. Y. Keita

Biocultural Emergence of the Amazigh (Berbers) in Africa: Comment on Frigi et al. (2010)

From: Human Biology
Volume 82, Number 4, August 2010
pp. 385-393 | 10.1353/hub.2010.0005

[snakepit]

Apr 15, 2016 22:08:31 GMT -5 forty2tribes said:

Apr 14, 2016 14:49:05 GMT -5 snakepit said:

White skin is an evolutionary adaptation that first occurred outside of Africa. It only happened because the Africans who had migrated far enough (to the north) needed more sunlight to "survive" (vitamin d)
The highest temperature recorded on earth was measured in Libya, there's plenty of sunlight in this area of the world, a pale-skinned person such as yourself can try to survive in that climate without sunblock. Good luck! There is a reason why skin-cancer is so prominent in Israel (hint hint) . ALL the indigenous peoples of Africa & the near east are so-called "black people" with brown skin. Stop spamming.

White skin existed in Africa before AMH.

Well, that has nothing to do with us and this discussion for that matter, since we ARE AMH. And please post a source confirming your statement.

[Shadow]

At the top there is a painting from the XI century from a manuscript called "Semblanza de reyes" (National Library, Madrid) where we can see the representation of Rodrigo, the Visigothic King (left) and Tariq, the berber commander of the Umayyad army, with a clear dark skin tone.

www.instagram.com/amazigh_africa/