Tishkoff on light skin - revisited

[djoser-xyyman]

Tishkoff on light skin - revisited

I came across this paper which seems to be a revised version of last year’s paper on the origin of light skin where Tishkoff co-authored. This paper has a lot more detail than the publicly released version.

Let me start off with pictures. Pictures tell a thousand words.

The picture emerging is that the mouth of the Great Lakes more specifically Tanzania and Botswana seems to the origin of most of the major phenotypic genes that distinguishes “Africans” from non-Africans. As you can see derived SLC24A5 is found throughout Africa. The author claim it came from outside Africa but also admit there may be “different scenarios” ie it is indigenous to Africa but they are basing that assumption on the high frequency found in western Europeans but as you can see the derived alleles is also found in non-Africans that are NOT related or have any contact with modern Europeans. But more specifically The haplotypes analysis shows that SLC24A5 locus has highest diversity in Tanzania/Botswana not Europeans!!!!!! This is a shocker. But even more shocking is the age ….TMRCA. This will imply that AMH left Africa to reach the Americas about 30,000years ago!!!! Also interesting is the gene MFSD12 rs56203814 etc. AFRICANS carry the DERIVED version of the gene and Europeans carry the ancestral version!!!!! Do you understand the implication? The gene is responsible for MAINTAINING black skin. That means black skin is the derived version or in other words the mutations and the light skin is the ancestral GTFOH. Where did you here that before??? Yes, yours truly…xyyman. More to come while I dissect that paper. Here or ESR

[djoser-xyyman]

Also didn’t I tell you all Neanderthal was black So those pictures you are seeing in the Smithsonian of a white skin red haired Neanderthal…is a lie!!. Oh! The AEians were black…Nilo-Saharans are the blackest people on the planet. Darker than Yorubans. Nonetheless


RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY
◥
HUMAN EVOLUTION
Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations-

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Quote: “
Skin pigmentation is highly variable within Africa. Populations such as the San from southern Africa are the most lightly pigmented among Africans, whereas the East African Nilo-Saharan populations are the most darkly pigmented in the world (Fig. 1). Most alleles associated with light and dark pigmentation in our data set are estimated to have originated before the origin of modern humans ~300 ka (27). In contrast to the lack of variation at MC1R, which is under purifying selection in Africa (63), our results indicate that both light and dark alleles at MFSD12, DDB1, OCA2, and HERC2 have been segregating in the hominin lineage for hundreds of thousands of years (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the ancestral allele is associated with light pigmentation in about half of the predicted causal SNPs; Neandertal and Denisovan genome sequences, which diverged from modern human sequences 804 ka (64), contain the ancestral allele at all loci. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that darker pigmentation is a derived trait that originated in the genus Homo within the past ~2 million years (My) after human ancestors lost most of their protective body hair, although these ancestral hominins may have been moderately, rather than darkly, pigmented (65, 66). Moreover, it appears that both light and dark pigmentation have continued to evolve over hominid history. Individuals from South Asia and Australo- Melanesia share variants associated with dark pigmentation at MFSD12,DDB1/TMEM138, OCA2, and HERC2 that are identical by descent from Africans. This raises the possibility that other phenotypes shared between Africans and some South Asian and Australo-Melanesian populations may also be due to genetic variants identical by descent from African populations rather than convergent evolution (67). This observation is consistent with a proposed southern migration route out of Africa ~80 ka (68). Alternatively, it is possible that light and dark pigmentation alleles segregated in a single African source population (13, 69) and that alleles associated with dark pigmentation were maintained outside of Africa only in the South Asian and Australo-Melanesian populations due to selection. By studying ethnically, genetically, and phenotypically diverse Africans, we identify novel pigmentation loci that are**** not ****highly polymorphic in European populations. The loci identified in this study appear to affect multiple phenotypes. For

[djoser-xyyman]

Should I be paid for this shyte. (wink). Nah! This is a freebie

I called it
1. Neanderthals and Denisovan are black. In fact the genus (homo?) were all black to about 7-8000 years ago and that also goes for Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europeans.
2. Light skin phenotype may be ancestral(sorry brothas) but black skin somehow made us humans. MK can explain. Europeans late Neolithic) benefited from that.
3. AEians were undoubtedly black indigenous Africans. As reflected by Nilosaharans. Look at the MFSD12 genes in the Abusir. AEians revered black skin.
4. Some Tanzanians carry as much as 50% derived SLC24A5 but carry but also carry the derived MFSD12 genes. Yes DERIVED MFSD12!!! Meaning they are “forced” to be black. This mutation FORCING Africans to be black skinned occurred over 800,000 years ago.
5. Notice no mention of SLC45A2??!! But we know Pygmies and Melanesians carry the derived SLC45A2. So this is a non-starter
6. Notice also the indigenous population of the Americas also carry DERIVED SLC24A5 but the East Asians like Chinese do not or carry very little. This could, mean either of two things. Melenesians carry the African version and is the most distant from Africans genetically. Yes, I am back to a land bridge or plasticity. The environment may impact genes much more than realize.


7. The frequency of genes for light skin in Africans can NOT be accounted for by “back-migration”. They made that clear but insisted on providing that as one of many hypothesis. God Damn Europeans!!!!. They just can’t help themselves!!!


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The SNPs with strongest association with skin color in Africans were on chromosome 15 at or near the solute carrier family 24 member 5 (SLC24A5) gene (Figs. 1 and 3 and tables S2 and S3). A functional nonsynonymous mutation within SLC24A5 (rs1426654) (14) was significantly

In Africa, this variant is common (28 to 50% frequency) in populations from Ethiopia and Tanzania with high Afro-Asiatic ancestry (19, 20) and is at moderate frequency (5 to 11%) in San and Bantu-speaking populations from Botswana with low levels of East African ancestry and recent European admixture (Fig. 1 and figs. S2 and S4) (21, 22).

Furthermore, the frequency of the rs1426654 (A) variant in eastern and southern Africans ****exceeds the inferred ****proportion of non-African ancestry (figs. S2 and S4)

These results are consistent with selection for the rs1426654 (A) allele in African populations following introduction, although complex models of demographic history cannot be ruled out.


The SNP with highest probability of being causal in region 3 is rs4932620 (F test, P = 3.2 × 10−9) located within intron 11 of HERC2 (Fig. 3, Table 1, and table S3). This SNP is 917 bp from rs916977, a SNP associated with blue eye color in Europeans (57, 58), and is in ****strong LD*** (r2 = 1.0 in most East African populations), with SNPs extending into region 2 of HERC2 (Table 1). The derived rs4932620 (T) allele associated with dark skin pigmentation is most common in Ethiopian populations with high levels of Nilo-Saharan ancestry and is at moderate frequency in other Ethiopian, Hadza, and Tanzania Nilo-Saharan populations (Fig. 1 and fig. S4). Haplotype analysis indicates that the rs4932620 (T) allele in South Asians and Australo-Melanesians is on the same or similar haplotype background as in Africans (Fig. 5 and fig. S6), suggesting that it is identical by descent. The TMRCA of haplotypes containing the rs4932620 (T) allele is 247 ka
(95% CI, 158 to 345 ka) (Fig. 4).

[djoser-xyyman]

These researchers have known Neanderthal(and Denisovan) were black for a long time….

Predicting Homo pigmentation phenotype through genomic data: from Neanderthal to James Watson. -Cerqueira CC

What is “new” is this gene that “forces” Africans to be black skinned and also found in Melanesians. There was also more clarity on the diversity on SLC24A5. Luelza-Fox sp?(La Brana) showed this diversity in a different format. In this paper the chart pinpoints the highest diversity for SLC24A5 in Tanzania/Botswana. This geographic region carries the “European” version along with OTHER unique mutation at this gene.

[zarahan]

The picture emerging is that the mouth of the Great Lakes more specifically Tanzania and Botswana seems to the origin of most of the major phenotypic genes that distinguishes “Africans” from non-Africans. As you can see derived SLC24A5 is found throughout Africa. The author claim it came from outside Africa but also admit there may be “different scenarios” ie it is indigenous to Africa but they are basing that assumption on the high frequency found in western Europeans but as you can see the derived alleles is also found in non-Africans that are NOT related or have any contact with modern Europeans. But more specifically The haplotypes analysis shows that SLC24A5 locus has highest diversity in Tanzania/Botswana not Europeans!!!!!!

Interesting that some web claimants would use frequency to establish "EUrasian" origin but
then shift the goalposts to deny or downplay frequency, if the frequency shows Africans influencing
ancient populations such as Greeks and others. Hence Haplogroup "E" has its highest frequency in Africa
but assorted claimants deny or downplay African origin when the Haplogroup shows up outside Africa.
Ae know of course that it does not reply in a mere weight of frequency, but somewhat of a double
standard is still seen with assorted claimants.


But even more shocking is the age ….TMRCA. This will imply that AMH left Africa to reach the Americas about 30,000years ago!!!!

Can you cross support this with other studies re AMH in the Americas?


Also interesting is the gene MFSD12 rs56203814 etc. AFRICANS carry the DERIVED version of the gene and Europeans carry the ancestral version!!!!! Do you understand the implication? The gene is responsible for MAINTAINING black skin. That means black skin is the derived version or in other words the mutations and the light skin is the ancestral GTFOH. Where did you here that before??? Yes, yours truly…xyyman. More to come while I dissect that paper. Here or ESR

OK, but didnt Jablonski back in 2000 I think say that ancestral skin way way back as far
as the primate line has light, underneath fur? Whether this applies to AMHs cant remember
if she said it did. Ideologically speaking this could throw a rhetorical monkey wrench in
some 'Afro-everything' theories as well.


7. The frequency of genes for light skin in Africans can NOT be accounted for by “back-migration”. They made that clear but insisted on providing that as one of many hypothesis. God Damn Europeans!!!!. They just can’t help themselves!!!

Of curse. Its their standard obfuscation tactic, like the "true negro" "sub-Saharan" samples they
selectively draw from distant places, while ignoring legitimate "sub-Saharan" samples close by.


1. Neanderthals and Denisovan are black. In fact the genus (homo?) were all black to about 7-8000 years ago and that also goes for Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europeans. 2. Light skin phenotype may be ancestral(sorry brothas) but black skin somehow made us humans. MK can explain. Europeans late Neolithic) benefited from that.

Yes, Anatomically Modern Humans had dark skin, but how do you mean benefitted above?