Post by anansi on Aug 3, 2020 6:40:13 GMT -5
Nubians In The Delta Before The Hyksos
Apart from one of the burials, found in front of tomb F/I-p/19-no. 12, which was of an infant, and its sex unknown. It was also
the only one of the seven mentioned burials in which the indi-vidual may not have been an attendant.
Altogether, seven tombs with vaulted mud-brick cham-bers were found, which had attendant burials, all ofthem females between late childhood
5
and early adult-hood, buried in extended position in front of the thresh-old of the tomb, or at the eastern outer side of thechamber
(Aston and Bietak 2012, fig. 102), most likely produced in the Eastern Delta in the first half of the 17th century
BC
, shortly before the Hyksos Period, were introduced at Kerma it self compound and are characteristic of contemporary Nubian ceramics. One of the beaker fragments (9584A)features multiple coloured rim zones in black-grey-black-red-grey while the other one (9584B) comprisesa black top band and a reddish-brown surface. Both pieces are horizontally point-burnished on the outside including a stripe reaching into the black-colouredinside. A third fragment displays a reddish-brown unburnished surface with grey patches, with rows of deep indentations (2.5mm in diameter) which created blobs on the inside (9584C). The core is black to dark grey and has very thin reddish-brown oxidation zoneson both sides. Fragments of a similar ware were foundin the offering pits of Palace F/II of the Hyksos Period,dating to late Phase E/1 and early D/3 (see Fig. 13B),though these feature more densely set indentations.according to the finds available.
9
Eike Winkler could not find physical Nubian features among the attendant burials, though the main burials in the chamber, as faras preserved, have not been examined yet in this respect (seeBietak 1989, n. 42).
For the context see Bietak et al. 2012/13. We have not yet hadthe opportunity to study the fragments more closely.
from the Middle Bronze Age — neither in the southern or in the northern Levant — but rather from nearly1,000 years earlier. Similarly, the practice is only attested in Early Dynastic Egypt. On the other hand,connections between Avaris and Kerma at the time of the attendant burials at Tell el-Dab‘a can be proven by the appearance of Tell el-Yahudiya ware in Kerma with piri form 1c juglets. These were produced in the Nile Delta at Tell el-Dab‘a from Phase F onwards,
8
a time of redevelopment of the town following a period ofcontraction, the latter perhaps caused by an epidemic(see above).In summary, attendant burials of females in similar burial positions to those in the Kerma Culture can be found at Tell el-Dab‘a during a period shortly after such customs had appeared in Kerma itself. Al though no Kerma pottery was found in the graves and no osteological evidence of Nubian burials can be produced at the moment,
9
this grim burial custom must have been introduced to the site from outside. As the Near East at that time does not provide any parallels, the only feasible option is to search for an influence through con-tact with the Kerma Culture. At the moment we can only offer, as a hypothesis, the possible explanation of an ideological influence from the Kerma Culture, but we are not sure if this explanation holds. At Tell el-Dab‘a, these attendant burials were present for a gen-eration, after which they were discontinued.
Kerma pottery in pre-Hyksos contexts
In Phase E/3 a few fragments of Kerma pottery,among them rim pieces from two different beakers,9584A and 9584B, were found in a pre-Hyksos palace(Fig. 6).
10
The contexts, L1204/1555 and L1795, date from the first half through to the middle of the 17thcentury
BC
(Bietak et al. 2012/13, 32–6). The fragments were collected from burnt magazines in the north of the compound and are characteristic of contemporary Nubian ceramics. One of the beaker fragments (9584A)features multiple coloured rim zones in black-grey-black-red-grey while the other one (9584B) comprises a black top band and a reddish-brown surface. Both pieces are horizontally point-burnished on the outside including a stripe reaching into the black-coloured inside.
A third fragment displays a reddish-brown un burnished surface with grey patches, with rows of deep indentations (2.5mm in diameter) which created blobs on the inside (9584C). The core is black to dark grey and has very thin reddish-brown oxidation zone son both sides. Fragments of a similar ware were found in the offering pits of Palace F/II of the Hyksos Period,dating to late Phase E/1 and early D/3 (see Fig. 13B),though these feature more densely set indentations.
www.academia.edu/34707148/D.A._Aston_and_M._Bietak_Nubians_in_the_Nile_Delta_à_propos_Avaris_and_Peru-Nefer_in_N._Spencer_and_A._Stevens_eds._The_New_Kingdom_in_Nubia_Lived_experience_pharaonic_control_and_indigenous_traditions_British_Museum_Publications_on_Egypt_and_Sudan_no._3_Leuven_2017_Peeters_489-522?email_work_card=abstract-read-more
Visit ^^ here for much more including burial pics, charts etc.
Good hunting.
Apart from one of the burials, found in front of tomb F/I-p/19-no. 12, which was of an infant, and its sex unknown. It was also
the only one of the seven mentioned burials in which the indi-vidual may not have been an attendant.
Altogether, seven tombs with vaulted mud-brick cham-bers were found, which had attendant burials, all ofthem females between late childhood
5
and early adult-hood, buried in extended position in front of the thresh-old of the tomb, or at the eastern outer side of thechamber
(Aston and Bietak 2012, fig. 102), most likely produced in the Eastern Delta in the first half of the 17th century
BC
, shortly before the Hyksos Period, were introduced at Kerma it self compound and are characteristic of contemporary Nubian ceramics. One of the beaker fragments (9584A)features multiple coloured rim zones in black-grey-black-red-grey while the other one (9584B) comprisesa black top band and a reddish-brown surface. Both pieces are horizontally point-burnished on the outside including a stripe reaching into the black-colouredinside. A third fragment displays a reddish-brown unburnished surface with grey patches, with rows of deep indentations (2.5mm in diameter) which created blobs on the inside (9584C). The core is black to dark grey and has very thin reddish-brown oxidation zoneson both sides. Fragments of a similar ware were foundin the offering pits of Palace F/II of the Hyksos Period,dating to late Phase E/1 and early D/3 (see Fig. 13B),though these feature more densely set indentations.according to the finds available.
9
Eike Winkler could not find physical Nubian features among the attendant burials, though the main burials in the chamber, as faras preserved, have not been examined yet in this respect (seeBietak 1989, n. 42).
For the context see Bietak et al. 2012/13. We have not yet hadthe opportunity to study the fragments more closely.
from the Middle Bronze Age — neither in the southern or in the northern Levant — but rather from nearly1,000 years earlier. Similarly, the practice is only attested in Early Dynastic Egypt. On the other hand,connections between Avaris and Kerma at the time of the attendant burials at Tell el-Dab‘a can be proven by the appearance of Tell el-Yahudiya ware in Kerma with piri form 1c juglets. These were produced in the Nile Delta at Tell el-Dab‘a from Phase F onwards,
8
a time of redevelopment of the town following a period ofcontraction, the latter perhaps caused by an epidemic(see above).In summary, attendant burials of females in similar burial positions to those in the Kerma Culture can be found at Tell el-Dab‘a during a period shortly after such customs had appeared in Kerma itself. Al though no Kerma pottery was found in the graves and no osteological evidence of Nubian burials can be produced at the moment,
9
this grim burial custom must have been introduced to the site from outside. As the Near East at that time does not provide any parallels, the only feasible option is to search for an influence through con-tact with the Kerma Culture. At the moment we can only offer, as a hypothesis, the possible explanation of an ideological influence from the Kerma Culture, but we are not sure if this explanation holds. At Tell el-Dab‘a, these attendant burials were present for a gen-eration, after which they were discontinued.
Kerma pottery in pre-Hyksos contexts
In Phase E/3 a few fragments of Kerma pottery,among them rim pieces from two different beakers,9584A and 9584B, were found in a pre-Hyksos palace(Fig. 6).
10
The contexts, L1204/1555 and L1795, date from the first half through to the middle of the 17thcentury
BC
(Bietak et al. 2012/13, 32–6). The fragments were collected from burnt magazines in the north of the compound and are characteristic of contemporary Nubian ceramics. One of the beaker fragments (9584A)features multiple coloured rim zones in black-grey-black-red-grey while the other one (9584B) comprises a black top band and a reddish-brown surface. Both pieces are horizontally point-burnished on the outside including a stripe reaching into the black-coloured inside.
A third fragment displays a reddish-brown un burnished surface with grey patches, with rows of deep indentations (2.5mm in diameter) which created blobs on the inside (9584C). The core is black to dark grey and has very thin reddish-brown oxidation zone son both sides. Fragments of a similar ware were found in the offering pits of Palace F/II of the Hyksos Period,dating to late Phase E/1 and early D/3 (see Fig. 13B),though these feature more densely set indentations.
www.academia.edu/34707148/D.A._Aston_and_M._Bietak_Nubians_in_the_Nile_Delta_à_propos_Avaris_and_Peru-Nefer_in_N._Spencer_and_A._Stevens_eds._The_New_Kingdom_in_Nubia_Lived_experience_pharaonic_control_and_indigenous_traditions_British_Museum_Publications_on_Egypt_and_Sudan_no._3_Leuven_2017_Peeters_489-522?email_work_card=abstract-read-more
Visit ^^ here for much more including burial pics, charts etc.
Good hunting.