Post by zarahan on Apr 2, 2010 0:34:12 GMT -5
Across the web, Neo-Nazis labor to appropriate the ancient Egyptian heritage, and prove a "white Nordic" Egypt using thinly disguised "blood type analysis" reminiscent of the Hitler era. The presence of blood type A for example is held to signify "the Caucasian character" of the Egyptians. The presence of type A2 and its "MN antigens" is held to show a "white Nordic" King Tut. This misinformed "racial science" would be laughable were it not being spammed across the web as "fact." This page debunks Neo-Nazi racial fantasies and its racist appropriation of the ancient Egyptian heritage.
'Aryan' proponents and sympathizers assert that blood type A2 has MN antigens attached and this conclusively shows a white Nordic Egypt, since no 'negroid groups' have said MN antigens with A2.
This claim is complete nonsense. Below are the antigens of blood type A. Antigens M and N do not cling to A2 like limpets.
Aryan proponents of a "white Egypt" hold that modern Egyptians have Type A blood which is found in greater proportions in Europe, thus showing they are whites.
Type A blood is also found in Africa however, and frequencies of Type O and type B, also found in Egypt, are higher among Africans than Europeans, puncturing the 'Nordic' balloon. Extremely high frequencies of Type A blood as such is also found among Blackfoot Indians of the United States, and high occurrences appear among some Australian Aborigines. Using the "race type" approach, presumably then we can speak of a "Blackfoot" or "black feller" Egypt?"
Racist "blood" models hearken back to German scholar Otto Reche. "In Germany, Otto Reche- a prominent professor of racial science- seized upon this fact [blood typing] as a possible means of identifying races. He believed that A was the blood type of northern Europeans (Aryans). In Reche's terms, A and B were "Enemy" blood groups that should not be mingled, a metaphor that arose from the dangers of transfusing an A-type individual with B-type blood. It was not accidental that B genes also identified likely Jews, the enemy of the German state." Even more virulent writings of Ernst Haeckel followed, along with the establishment of "racial" and eugenics institutes as Hitler rose to power. (Shipman, Pat (2002). The Evolution of Racism).
"Sinful" nature of blood type 'B': As Laura Nader notes in Naked Science, (1996) racial scientists have long marked out blood type B as "sinful" - associated with certain racial groups inclined to mental illness and crime. Since blacks in the US have higher frequency of blood type B, this "blood analysis" was often a thinly disguised form of racism. Funding for such "race research" was sometimes provided by Wickliffe Draper's Pioneer Fund in the United States (Tucker 2002). Likewise, German researchers Hanna and Ludwig Hirszfeld created a blood type 'race index", with the high score ranging from a "5" for Type A Germans to a low score for lesser breeds such as Poles, who had more type B. Other scholars included the notorious Eugen Fischer (1874-1964). Such ideas would find their way into the eugenics and genocide programs of the Nazis. (Identity and Intolerance. Norbert Finzsch, Dietmar Schirmer (2002). Ironically both Egyptians and Blacks share higher levels of "sinful" Type 'B' blood than Europeans. Today such racial models have not disappeared, They are in full bloom across the web as "Aryan science" now applies it theories to the ancient Egyptians.
Compare Zimbabwe example to that above on A2. Note that percentages of A2 in this stereotypically "Bantu" region are just as high as among the white English of Europe. The basic pattern is clear. The much touted "Aryan" A2 is very much found among Africans and African derived peoples. In Europeans it is MINOR with highest percentages occurring in SMALL ISOLATED POPULATIONS such as Lapps. In short, the breathless "Aryan" buildup of A2 turns out to be laughably trivial upon closer examination.
Overall, there are few earth-shattering differences in Egyptian blood group patterns and those of Africans. It should be noted that Africans as well have Type "A" as well as A2.
QUOTE from D'Adamo 2002:
-- (Complete blood type encyclopedia: the A-Z reference guide for the blood type. By Peter J. D'Adamo, Catherine Whitney, 2002, pg 43).
- Neo-Nazis and sympathizers argue that analysis of King Tut's tissues found the A2 blood type variant (part of larger Group A) which would make King Tut white Nordic since A2 appears only in Europeans.[/b]
This too is complete nonsense. The touted A2 blood type makes up only a minor frequency of Type A, chiefly among outlier populations like Lapps, Blackfoot Indians or Australian Aborigines. Does this make King Tut was a Lapp? or Blackfoot Indian? The highest frequencies of A2 are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians. A2 is ALSO found in Africa, well within the scope of distribution to the Nile Valley area over the millennia from within Africa, without the dramatic presence of Blackfoot Indians, reindeer herding Lapps, or boomerang wielding Australian Aborigines. King Tut then had more than enough scope to pick up A2 within Africa without needing the presence of "wandering Caucasoids" in the Nile Valley. Source: Daniels 2006, Essential Guide to Blood Groups).[/b]
Links between A2 ,King Tut and other royal family members show Nordic elite in ancient Egypt based on A2.
-- (Bard and Shubert, 1999, pg 542)
-- G.D. Hart, I. Kvas, M. Soots, Blood group testing of ancient material with particular reference to the
mummy Nakht, Transfusion 18 (1978) 474–478.
Mainstream scholars note of Type B:
In Europe however (quote) (Daniels 2006- 'Essential Guide to Blood groups') and quote: D'Adamo also notes that Type B indicates a clear link between Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa.[/b]
A review of the scientific literature however determines this claim to be dubious. The Persians were latecomers to Egypt and type B has been in human populations of Africa long before their arrival. The Egyptians thus did not have to wait for the late coming 'Persian" era to bring them the blessings of Type B after over 3,000 years of continuous civilization. Nor do the putative incoming Persian hordes offer much comfort or evidence of Aryan goodness. Hanihara 1996 shows that the features of early Iranians resemble modern Africans, and indeed cluster with Bantu types on analysis.[/b]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note MN genotype appearing in all human populations. Neo-Nazis deny its existence in "negroes" but their own references undermine such nonsensical claims. Note that the proportionate frequency of "MN" in sub-Saharan Nigerians of .495 is closer to the Egyptian frequency of .489 than to the prototypical "Nordics" - Germans at .507. The ironic outcome using such "racial calculus" is that the Africans are closer to the Egyptians than the Neo-Nazi's favored "Nordics."
---------------------------------------
Manchester University in the 1970s conducted a number of blood grouping tests on mummies using a mixed cell agglutination technique. "Of the nine mummies testing using this technique, three were in group A, five were group O and one group AB."
----A Rosalie David. (1986). Science in Egyptology: Proceedings of the 'science in Egyptology' Symposia p. 381
Thus 60% of the ancient mummies had type "O". This preponderance is also seen in Bantu groups which show more "O" than Europeans.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
==================================================
Advantage African in Type B
Furthermore the Egyptians have substantial frequencies of "B".
In Europe however (quote) (Daniels 2006)
and quote:
In Egypt the frequency of B is much higher- 24% (Beckman 1959). Among Bantu groups B frequencies average 19% (Beckman 1959). In terms of type B then, the African percentages are much closer to the Egyptians than the Europeans.
Advantage African in Type O
As regards type "O" the greatest frequencies are found in the Americas, Australia and Africa, not Europe. Quote: "Populations with a group O phenotype frequency greater than 60% are found in native people of the Americas and in parts of Africa and Australia, but not in most of Europe or Asia." (Daniels 2006).
In Egypt the frequency of O is 33% (Beckman 1959) compared to the bantu average of 46%. (Beckman 1959), compared to smaller O frequencies for Europe. In terms of Type O then, the African percentages are much closer to Egyptians than Europeans.
-------------------
Summary- overall advantage: African
Summary: In 2 out of 3 blood groups, (O and B), the Africans and closer to the Egyptians (Africans 66% - Europeans 33%) than Europeans. Advantage: African.
and
Africans are linked significantly with Egyptians via blood types according to mainstream scholars, again undermining dubious "Aryan" claims.
quote:
[/i]
--D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14
A study done in Human Heredity examined blood groups of Somalis, an East African population. It found little evidence of Caucasian admixture or touted "Nordic blood" and showed Somalis are much more related to other Africans than Europeans or Middle Easterners.
The Somalis showed high levels of Type O, a pattern similar to many other African populations. It also showed small frequencies of blood type A2, supposedly a "special" type confined only to Europeans. In Africa however, A2 is anything but "special", and appears in Bantu and other black populations as well. Africa has the highest variant distribution of blood type A. In comparison with East Africans and other groups, the Somalis clustered closer to other Africans, than to Middle Easterners like the Arabs, contradicting claims that Somalis are more related to Eurasians than Africans.
[quotes]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- P. Sistonend, J. Koistinena, Aden Abdulleb. (1987) Distribution of Blood Groups in the East African Somali Population. Hum Hered. 37(5):300-313
Africa has the highest genetic and phenotypic diversity in the world and does not need any outside race mix to explain the fundamental range of physical variation or "looks" of its indigenous peoples. Numerous "negroid groups" in Africa show a range of blood types supposedly reserved for 'Europeans', such as the A2 touted by Aryan "research."
Sudanese blood studies: Note that blood Type A is HIGHEST in stereotypical 'negroid' groups like the Nuba, higher than more 'caucasoid' Arabs. Note too how other 'negroid groups' like the Dinka post Type A percentages almost as high as the Arabs. This diversity undercuts simplistic 'Aryan' claims about Africa.
East African blood studies: Again note how the supposedly more caucasoid "Hamites" are beaten out on percentages of blood Type A by stereotypical "true" negro 'Congomorphs', an outcome that should be 'impossible' under "Aryan science". The diversity of Africa makes "Aryan" claims ludicrous.
In summary, Africa has more than enough genetic diversity to produce a range of blood types and has done so without needing any reputed "white Nordics" or "wandering Caucasoids" from elsewhere. Said blood types appear in high frequencies in many different places throughout the continent. The touted, "reserved" blood types, like the laughable Nordic "MN antigens of A2", or assorted 'racial' analysis proffered by "white' Egypt advocates, are complete rubbish.
'Aryan' proponents and sympathizers assert that blood type A2 has MN antigens attached and this conclusively shows a white Nordic Egypt, since no 'negroid groups' have said MN antigens with A2.
This claim is complete nonsense. Below are the antigens of blood type A. Antigens M and N do not cling to A2 like limpets.
Aryan proponents of a "white Egypt" hold that modern Egyptians have Type A blood which is found in greater proportions in Europe, thus showing they are whites.
Type A blood is also found in Africa however, and frequencies of Type O and type B, also found in Egypt, are higher among Africans than Europeans, puncturing the 'Nordic' balloon. Extremely high frequencies of Type A blood as such is also found among Blackfoot Indians of the United States, and high occurrences appear among some Australian Aborigines. Using the "race type" approach, presumably then we can speak of a "Blackfoot" or "black feller" Egypt?"
Racist "blood" models hearken back to German scholar Otto Reche. "In Germany, Otto Reche- a prominent professor of racial science- seized upon this fact [blood typing] as a possible means of identifying races. He believed that A was the blood type of northern Europeans (Aryans). In Reche's terms, A and B were "Enemy" blood groups that should not be mingled, a metaphor that arose from the dangers of transfusing an A-type individual with B-type blood. It was not accidental that B genes also identified likely Jews, the enemy of the German state." Even more virulent writings of Ernst Haeckel followed, along with the establishment of "racial" and eugenics institutes as Hitler rose to power. (Shipman, Pat (2002). The Evolution of Racism).
"Sinful" nature of blood type 'B': As Laura Nader notes in Naked Science, (1996) racial scientists have long marked out blood type B as "sinful" - associated with certain racial groups inclined to mental illness and crime. Since blacks in the US have higher frequency of blood type B, this "blood analysis" was often a thinly disguised form of racism. Funding for such "race research" was sometimes provided by Wickliffe Draper's Pioneer Fund in the United States (Tucker 2002). Likewise, German researchers Hanna and Ludwig Hirszfeld created a blood type 'race index", with the high score ranging from a "5" for Type A Germans to a low score for lesser breeds such as Poles, who had more type B. Other scholars included the notorious Eugen Fischer (1874-1964). Such ideas would find their way into the eugenics and genocide programs of the Nazis. (Identity and Intolerance. Norbert Finzsch, Dietmar Schirmer (2002). Ironically both Egyptians and Blacks share higher levels of "sinful" Type 'B' blood than Europeans. Today such racial models have not disappeared, They are in full bloom across the web as "Aryan science" now applies it theories to the ancient Egyptians.
Compare Zimbabwe example to that above on A2. Note that percentages of A2 in this stereotypically "Bantu" region are just as high as among the white English of Europe. The basic pattern is clear. The much touted "Aryan" A2 is very much found among Africans and African derived peoples. In Europeans it is MINOR with highest percentages occurring in SMALL ISOLATED POPULATIONS such as Lapps. In short, the breathless "Aryan" buildup of A2 turns out to be laughably trivial upon closer examination.
Overall, there are few earth-shattering differences in Egyptian blood group patterns and those of Africans. It should be noted that Africans as well have Type "A" as well as A2.
QUOTE from D'Adamo 2002:
-- (Complete blood type encyclopedia: the A-Z reference guide for the blood type. By Peter J. D'Adamo, Catherine Whitney, 2002, pg 43).
- Neo-Nazis and sympathizers argue that analysis of King Tut's tissues found the A2 blood type variant (part of larger Group A) which would make King Tut white Nordic since A2 appears only in Europeans.[/b]
This too is complete nonsense. The touted A2 blood type makes up only a minor frequency of Type A, chiefly among outlier populations like Lapps, Blackfoot Indians or Australian Aborigines. Does this make King Tut was a Lapp? or Blackfoot Indian? The highest frequencies of A2 are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians. A2 is ALSO found in Africa, well within the scope of distribution to the Nile Valley area over the millennia from within Africa, without the dramatic presence of Blackfoot Indians, reindeer herding Lapps, or boomerang wielding Australian Aborigines. King Tut then had more than enough scope to pick up A2 within Africa without needing the presence of "wandering Caucasoids" in the Nile Valley. Source: Daniels 2006, Essential Guide to Blood Groups).[/b]
Links between A2 ,King Tut and other royal family members show Nordic elite in ancient Egypt based on A2.
-- (Bard and Shubert, 1999, pg 542)
-- G.D. Hart, I. Kvas, M. Soots, Blood group testing of ancient material with particular reference to the
mummy Nakht, Transfusion 18 (1978) 474–478.
Mainstream scholars note of Type B:
In Europe however (quote) (Daniels 2006- 'Essential Guide to Blood groups') and quote: D'Adamo also notes that Type B indicates a clear link between Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa.
:
--D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14
--D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14
A review of the scientific literature however determines this claim to be dubious. The Persians were latecomers to Egypt and type B has been in human populations of Africa long before their arrival. The Egyptians thus did not have to wait for the late coming 'Persian" era to bring them the blessings of Type B after over 3,000 years of continuous civilization. Nor do the putative incoming Persian hordes offer much comfort or evidence of Aryan goodness. Hanihara 1996 shows that the features of early Iranians resemble modern Africans, and indeed cluster with Bantu types on analysis.
: "Early West Asians looked like Africans." Hence any incoming hordes would still be dark skinned types that looked like the dreaded Bantu 'negroids.' Alack and alas for Aryan "race science'... No matter what the calculus, the worrisome 'darker brethren' refuse to conveniently go away...
-Hanihara, T. (1996). Comparison of craniofacial features of major human groups. Am. Jrnl Physical Anthro)
Close similarity in serology between modern Haratin populations and those of ancient Egyptians was also shown by G. Paoli, ("ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, p. 464.) Frequencies on some "q" gene elements by both peoples were almost twice those in typically European populations. (Montagu, A. _Introduction to Physical Anthropology_ 1960, p. 334). The Haratin are considered to be "Negroid" in physical type (Livingstone, 1967). Other serological tests have shown close affinity of certain Berber-speaking groups with tropical Africans in the high rates of cDe, P and V, and low Fy^a antigens(Keita 1990, Mourant et al., 1976, Chamla, 1980). They also group close with West Africans in the high incidence of HbC, HbS and the sickle cell condition (Livingstone, 1967). S.O.Y. KEITA, "Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 83:35-48 (1990)[10]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Serology data of Paoli show links between ancient Egyptians and black Saharan Haratin - part of the range of variability in the Nile Valley
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. Paoli, in "ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, showed that the Dynastic Egyptians were most closely matched with the Haratin of the northern Sahara. Paoli mentions the theory of Cabot-Briggs (Cabot-Briggs, L. (1958), _The Living Races of the Sahara Desert, Massachussets) that this resemblance might indicate the origin of the Haratin. Here are the figures given for the two groups from Paoli (p. 464):
Modern Northern Haratin and Dynastic Egyptian
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group No. O A B AB p q r
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Egyptians 160 34 64 34 28 34.35 21.45 44.20 (Paoli)
Haratin 202 40 80 57 25 30.99 23.14 48.87 (Mourant)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Paoli's analysis, Egyptians showed high levels of Type O and Type B. This pattern is similar to that of West Africans (See Boyd above). When various East Africans and N.E. Africans are considered, not only are O and B also high, but percentages of A are relatively high as well, sometimes exceeding European averages. See Sudanese and East African data below. This diversity of Africans undercuts stereotypical 'Aryan' models and claims.
-- Paoli. G. (1972). Further biochemical and immunological investigations on early Egyptian remains. Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 1, Issue 5, September 1972, Pages 457-466.
'Aryan' proponents and sympathizers also assert that a study by Paoli in 1982 found "complete resemblance" between "leucoderm" populations of Europe and Egyptians. The only thing wrong with this claim is that it is complete rubbish. Borgognini and Paoli (1982- 'Paleoserological review') conducted a review of blood studies on Egyptian mummies. They found a pattern similar to Paoli (1972). The Egyptian samples, taken together, showed higher levels of Type O blood and type B blood than Europeans. This is typical of the pattern of many African populations. Type A was present in high frequencies as well, but Type A blood also shows up in substantial frequencies among African populations (Boyd 1950, 1955), sometimes exceeding the averages for various Europeans (Corgill 1949, et al.). The "resemblances" found confirm that Egyptians resemble one another more than other people- thus the ancients resemble modern Egyptian populations- but in two out of three blood groups, they resemble African populations more than Europeans. Borgognini and Paoli also note a general north-south cline in blood type O, with O becoming more frequent as one moves away from the far north of Egypt with its history of more intermingling from late-coming outsiders (Greeks, Romans, Persians, etc), towards the south. It should be noted however, that nearby populations in the Sudan such as the 'negroid' Nuba, Dinka or Nuer, actually exceed the Egyptians in the proportion of Type A blood, as shown below. Such genetic diversity in Africa undermines simplistic 'Aryan' race claims. Further south into Somalia, Somalis show heavier levels of blood type O than Egyptians, or Arabs, a pattern continuing among other peoples of Africa (P. Sistonend, J. Koistinena, Aden Abdulleb. (1987).
-- D'Adamo (2009) "Subgroups of Type A."
-- (Boyd W. (1963) Genetics and the Human Race. Science, New Series, Vol. 140, No. 3571
TABULAR DATA From:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
RACES AND PEOPLE BY William C.Boyd, 1955 Abelard-Schumann, New York
quote:
"Now we can summarize our six genetic races: ~
1. Australian (Aboriginal): low B or none, low M, no A2
2. American (Indian): low B or none, low N, no A2
3. Asian: High B, high Rhz, no A2
4. African: High B, high Rho, some rh, high A2
5. European: moderately high rh, moderate B, moderate A2
6. Early European: very high rh, no B
~ The genes for O and A are so widespread among all groups of people that they are nearly useless in racial classification.
The six races (plus a seventh race which is less clear-cut) divide the world in an interesting manner. We can follow immigration waves that we could not follow if we used skin color or some other obvious physical characteristic. For instance, a group of immigrants high in A must have entered western Japan from Korea in the not distant past and spread eastward. That would account for the variation of frequency in the A gene in different parts of Japan.
As we learn more about the blood-group genes, and about other genes, too, and as we test more and more people all over the earth, we can expect to be able to trace man's evolution more exactly and to learn the stages by which he has populated the world."
------------------------------
Thus when conservative Boyd did the analysis on blood groups in the 1950s, the groups with the highest A2 are Africans. Europeans had only have moderate levels of A2 according to conservative Boyd. His 1950s data has been superseded in recent years showing the highest levels of A2 in Blackfoot Indians and other isolated populations like the Laaps of Sweden. However it is ironic that the misuse of his work by Neo-Nazis should undermine their own claims upon closer examination. Quote:
According to conservative race typers like Boyd then, Tut would be closer to Africans based on A2.
-Hanihara, T. (1996). Comparison of craniofacial features of major human groups. Am. Jrnl Physical Anthro)
Close similarity in serology between modern Haratin populations and those of ancient Egyptians was also shown by G. Paoli, ("ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, p. 464.) Frequencies on some "q" gene elements by both peoples were almost twice those in typically European populations. (Montagu, A. _Introduction to Physical Anthropology_ 1960, p. 334). The Haratin are considered to be "Negroid" in physical type (Livingstone, 1967). Other serological tests have shown close affinity of certain Berber-speaking groups with tropical Africans in the high rates of cDe, P and V, and low Fy^a antigens(Keita 1990, Mourant et al., 1976, Chamla, 1980). They also group close with West Africans in the high incidence of HbC, HbS and the sickle cell condition (Livingstone, 1967). S.O.Y. KEITA, "Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 83:35-48 (1990)[10]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Serology data of Paoli show links between ancient Egyptians and black Saharan Haratin - part of the range of variability in the Nile Valley
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. Paoli, in "ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, showed that the Dynastic Egyptians were most closely matched with the Haratin of the northern Sahara. Paoli mentions the theory of Cabot-Briggs (Cabot-Briggs, L. (1958), _The Living Races of the Sahara Desert, Massachussets) that this resemblance might indicate the origin of the Haratin. Here are the figures given for the two groups from Paoli (p. 464):
Modern Northern Haratin and Dynastic Egyptian
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group No. O A B AB p q r
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Egyptians 160 34 64 34 28 34.35 21.45 44.20 (Paoli)
Haratin 202 40 80 57 25 30.99 23.14 48.87 (Mourant)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Paoli's analysis, Egyptians showed high levels of Type O and Type B. This pattern is similar to that of West Africans (See Boyd above). When various East Africans and N.E. Africans are considered, not only are O and B also high, but percentages of A are relatively high as well, sometimes exceeding European averages. See Sudanese and East African data below. This diversity of Africans undercuts stereotypical 'Aryan' models and claims.
-- Paoli. G. (1972). Further biochemical and immunological investigations on early Egyptian remains. Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 1, Issue 5, September 1972, Pages 457-466.
'Aryan' proponents and sympathizers also assert that a study by Paoli in 1982 found "complete resemblance" between "leucoderm" populations of Europe and Egyptians. The only thing wrong with this claim is that it is complete rubbish. Borgognini and Paoli (1982- 'Paleoserological review') conducted a review of blood studies on Egyptian mummies. They found a pattern similar to Paoli (1972). The Egyptian samples, taken together, showed higher levels of Type O blood and type B blood than Europeans. This is typical of the pattern of many African populations. Type A was present in high frequencies as well, but Type A blood also shows up in substantial frequencies among African populations (Boyd 1950, 1955), sometimes exceeding the averages for various Europeans (Corgill 1949, et al.). The "resemblances" found confirm that Egyptians resemble one another more than other people- thus the ancients resemble modern Egyptian populations- but in two out of three blood groups, they resemble African populations more than Europeans. Borgognini and Paoli also note a general north-south cline in blood type O, with O becoming more frequent as one moves away from the far north of Egypt with its history of more intermingling from late-coming outsiders (Greeks, Romans, Persians, etc), towards the south. It should be noted however, that nearby populations in the Sudan such as the 'negroid' Nuba, Dinka or Nuer, actually exceed the Egyptians in the proportion of Type A blood, as shown below. Such genetic diversity in Africa undermines simplistic 'Aryan' race claims. Further south into Somalia, Somalis show heavier levels of blood type O than Egyptians, or Arabs, a pattern continuing among other peoples of Africa (P. Sistonend, J. Koistinena, Aden Abdulleb. (1987).
-- D'Adamo (2009) "Subgroups of Type A."
-- (Boyd W. (1963) Genetics and the Human Race. Science, New Series, Vol. 140, No. 3571
TABULAR DATA From:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
RACES AND PEOPLE BY William C.Boyd, 1955 Abelard-Schumann, New York
quote:
"Now we can summarize our six genetic races: ~
1. Australian (Aboriginal): low B or none, low M, no A2
2. American (Indian): low B or none, low N, no A2
3. Asian: High B, high Rhz, no A2
4. African: High B, high Rho, some rh, high A2
5. European: moderately high rh, moderate B, moderate A2
6. Early European: very high rh, no B
~ The genes for O and A are so widespread among all groups of people that they are nearly useless in racial classification.
The six races (plus a seventh race which is less clear-cut) divide the world in an interesting manner. We can follow immigration waves that we could not follow if we used skin color or some other obvious physical characteristic. For instance, a group of immigrants high in A must have entered western Japan from Korea in the not distant past and spread eastward. That would account for the variation of frequency in the A gene in different parts of Japan.
As we learn more about the blood-group genes, and about other genes, too, and as we test more and more people all over the earth, we can expect to be able to trace man's evolution more exactly and to learn the stages by which he has populated the world."
------------------------------
Thus when conservative Boyd did the analysis on blood groups in the 1950s, the groups with the highest A2 are Africans. Europeans had only have moderate levels of A2 according to conservative Boyd. His 1950s data has been superseded in recent years showing the highest levels of A2 in Blackfoot Indians and other isolated populations like the Laaps of Sweden. However it is ironic that the misuse of his work by Neo-Nazis should undermine their own claims upon closer examination. Quote:
According to conservative race typers like Boyd then, Tut would be closer to Africans based on A2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note MN genotype appearing in all human populations. Neo-Nazis deny its existence in "negroes" but their own references undermine such nonsensical claims. Note that the proportionate frequency of "MN" in sub-Saharan Nigerians of .495 is closer to the Egyptian frequency of .489 than to the prototypical "Nordics" - Germans at .507. The ironic outcome using such "racial calculus" is that the Africans are closer to the Egyptians than the Neo-Nazi's favored "Nordics."
---------------------------------------
Manchester University in the 1970s conducted a number of blood grouping tests on mummies using a mixed cell agglutination technique. "Of the nine mummies testing using this technique, three were in group A, five were group O and one group AB."
----A Rosalie David. (1986). Science in Egyptology: Proceedings of the 'science in Egyptology' Symposia p. 381
Thus 60% of the ancient mummies had type "O". This preponderance is also seen in Bantu groups which show more "O" than Europeans.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
==================================================
Advantage African in Type B
Furthermore the Egyptians have substantial frequencies of "B".
In Europe however (quote) (Daniels 2006)
and quote:
In Egypt the frequency of B is much higher- 24% (Beckman 1959). Among Bantu groups B frequencies average 19% (Beckman 1959). In terms of type B then, the African percentages are much closer to the Egyptians than the Europeans.
Advantage African in Type O
As regards type "O" the greatest frequencies are found in the Americas, Australia and Africa, not Europe. Quote: "Populations with a group O phenotype frequency greater than 60% are found in native people of the Americas and in parts of Africa and Australia, but not in most of Europe or Asia." (Daniels 2006).
In Egypt the frequency of O is 33% (Beckman 1959) compared to the bantu average of 46%. (Beckman 1959), compared to smaller O frequencies for Europe. In terms of Type O then, the African percentages are much closer to Egyptians than Europeans.
-------------------
Summary- overall advantage: African
Summary: In 2 out of 3 blood groups, (O and B), the Africans and closer to the Egyptians (Africans 66% - Europeans 33%) than Europeans. Advantage: African.
and
Africans are linked significantly with Egyptians via blood types according to mainstream scholars, again undermining dubious "Aryan" claims.
quote:
[/i]
--D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14
A study done in Human Heredity examined blood groups of Somalis, an East African population. It found little evidence of Caucasian admixture or touted "Nordic blood" and showed Somalis are much more related to other Africans than Europeans or Middle Easterners.
The Somalis showed high levels of Type O, a pattern similar to many other African populations. It also showed small frequencies of blood type A2, supposedly a "special" type confined only to Europeans. In Africa however, A2 is anything but "special", and appears in Bantu and other black populations as well. Africa has the highest variant distribution of blood type A. In comparison with East Africans and other groups, the Somalis clustered closer to other Africans, than to Middle Easterners like the Arabs, contradicting claims that Somalis are more related to Eurasians than Africans.
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-- P. Sistonend, J. Koistinena, Aden Abdulleb. (1987) Distribution of Blood Groups in the East African Somali Population. Hum Hered. 37(5):300-313
Africa has the highest genetic and phenotypic diversity in the world and does not need any outside race mix to explain the fundamental range of physical variation or "looks" of its indigenous peoples. Numerous "negroid groups" in Africa show a range of blood types supposedly reserved for 'Europeans', such as the A2 touted by Aryan "research."
Sudanese blood studies: Note that blood Type A is HIGHEST in stereotypical 'negroid' groups like the Nuba, higher than more 'caucasoid' Arabs. Note too how other 'negroid groups' like the Dinka post Type A percentages almost as high as the Arabs. This diversity undercuts simplistic 'Aryan' claims about Africa.
East African blood studies: Again note how the supposedly more caucasoid "Hamites" are beaten out on percentages of blood Type A by stereotypical "true" negro 'Congomorphs', an outcome that should be 'impossible' under "Aryan science". The diversity of Africa makes "Aryan" claims ludicrous.
In summary, Africa has more than enough genetic diversity to produce a range of blood types and has done so without needing any reputed "white Nordics" or "wandering Caucasoids" from elsewhere. Said blood types appear in high frequencies in many different places throughout the continent. The touted, "reserved" blood types, like the laughable Nordic "MN antigens of A2", or assorted 'racial' analysis proffered by "white' Egypt advocates, are complete rubbish.
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